IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.0 


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■3.2 


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^    1^    12.0 


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L25  111.4    IIIIIL6 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

IV^'^rofiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniquns  et  bibliographiques 


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The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverturo  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^fte 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicuiie 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  b^ue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  quo  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  iiure  serr6e  peuf  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
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mais,  iorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t«  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  At6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 

D 
0 

B 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
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Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
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Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
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Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieilement 
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etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Th« 
poi 
oft 
filn 


Ori( 
bes 
the 
sioi 
oth 
firs 
sioi 
ori 


The 
sha 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
difft 
enti 
begi 
righ 
reqi 
met 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Cs  document  est  fiJmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


y 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  fitmad  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

HaroM  CamplMn  Vaughan  Mamorial  Library 
Acadia  Univenity 


L'exemriaira  film*  fut  reproduit  grflce  A  la 
g4n«rosit4  de: 

Haroid  Campbell  Vaughan  Memorial  Library 

Acadia  University 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  prge  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —*>-( meaning  "CON- 
TIIMUED").  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hund  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet«  de  I'exemplaire  film«,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fllmage. 

Les  exemplaires  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmto  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  term!nant  solt  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmts  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaHtra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film6s  a  des  taux  de  reduction  diff«rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmi  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
ijlustrent  la  mAthode. 


I 

1  2  3 


1  2  3 

4  5  6 


"X 


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1 

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1 

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SAM'S    FARM, 


^jUss 


:  P.  TOCQUj;^ 


"W.»NDERKirG  THOUGHTS,"  Ac. 


ySr.5Sni'*lA'r'".  ^^™**y  speaiing  the  WlLh      , 

-^Mof ffl!  AfriJ*lf„5fH^*7  englnoafhit  S" 
k  W  wl.:^;!^  Africa,  and  the  Ameilcaii  contineot. 

MKlteayg  and  wire  bridges  of  tfaooght  that  shaJI  be 
I  wodd'B  extremes." —EuHg  Btoriit' 


BOSTOITt^ 
CHAntES  H.  PEIRCE  AND  COMPAKY. 
1851 » 


^teml,  a<icordi.g  to  Act  of  Congre«,  .„  theyei^  1851 

B.  CHABLSS  H.  PEIRCE  &  CO 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Co»rfnf*K   r.. 

tttnct  Court  of  the  District  of  MMsachusett* 


Gwrge  C.  Band  &  Co.,  Printers, 
Ifo.  8  Cornhill,  Boston. 


f% 


TO  HIS   EXCELLENCY 

SIR  JOHN  aASPARD  LE  MARCHANT, 

Knight,  and  Knight  Commander  of  the  Orders  of  St.  Ferdinand 

and  of  Charles  the  Third,  of  Spain,  Governor  and 

Commander-in-Chief  in  and  over  the  Island 

of  Newfoundland  and  its  Dependencies, 

&c.,  &c.,  &c., 

THIS    WORK 

Is,  with  His  Excellency's  permission,  most  respectfully  dedicated, 
by  his  very  faithful  and  obedient  Servant, 

PHILIP  TOCQUB. 

Woroesttr, MMSMhtuetts,  U.S.,  March  1, 1861. 


ftT  a>  D 6' 


( 


\ 


I- 


PREFACE. 


In  the  preparation  of  this  work,  the  Author  has  but 
one  object  in  view,    namely  —  a    desire    to   make   the 
inhabitants    of   his    native  country,    Newfoundland,   ac- 
quainted with  facts  and -incidents  which  came  under  his 
own  personal  observation,    and    more   particularly  those 
persons  whose  information  regarding  America  (a  country 
which  is  destined  to  be  the  greatest  upon  which  the  sun 
ever  shone)  is  somewhat  limited.      In  collecting  mate* 
rials   for  this  work,   the  Author  availed  himself  of  the 
works  of  Mr.   Hayward,   the   State  Records,   and  local 
pamphlets  which  fell  in  his  way  during  his  travels.     He 
has  spared  neither  time  nor  labor  to  make  it  useful  and 
interestmg.     It  must,  however,  be  regarded  more   as   a 
compilation  than  as  containing    any  great  amount  of  ori- 
ginal   matter.      The    Author    has  visited  the   principal 
manufactories  of  the  New  England  States,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Vermont,  conversed  with  the  superintendents 
and  most  of  the  operatives  employed  in  the  mills,  and  in 


M 


yi 


PRSPACB. 


vwited;  to  do  so,  would  swell  #k:«  «  i         , 

W^  Which  Be  i„.„<.U,H3;X;  '""'""' 

_  Owing  to  the  Author  residing  at  Woreesto,    h.  fc 

J-aa....r.p.etoM.^hUtZr»:'„,^ 

IT'  **  "^^  '»■'  <«"«''  «  «'imp«  of  the  .^„„lt„^* 
oommercal,    and    indnatrial    featnres    of    m   ^Zr' 

"OMtry,  the  Author's  wishe,  »l.  k.   i,    .  **^^'' 

wishes  wiU  be  abundantly  gratified. 

P.  TOCQTJE. 

W«re«i„,  Mm.,  u.e,  Mmm,  18B1. 


INDEX. 


I 


Anriv«l  at  Boston, * 

Agricaltanl  Betams, •* 

Augaatm }JJ 

Kennebec  River, *■• 

State  House, '** 

Arsenal, - »*• 

ShipBuUding, .•••• "• 

Army JJJ 

Ameriam  Antiquarian  Society, .**• 

Boots  and  Shoes,  Manufacture  of, ^ 

Boston, " 

Meeting  of  Old  Friends, ' 

Mr.  Stevens, * 

Statistics  of  Newfoundland, * 

Climate,  &&, • ** 

Hon.  Edward  Everett, •* 

Jianding  of  the  Pilgrims, *■ 

Harbor,  &c.,* ^' 

Churches, ** 

Population, *■ 

Emigrants • ** 

Health,  Ac., ^* 

Shipping, •  •  *• 

Imports  and  Exports •  •  •  •  ** 

Bailways, ••••  ^ 

City  Officers, • ^ 

Courts, V ^ 

Common, • ^ 

Schools,  &c., ^ 


*-  . 

viii 

INDEX. 

Temperance, 

Public  Building.,' .' at 

Novel  Bridge,  . .         43 

Brighton  Cattle  Marked,*,*.*.".' 4» 

Brother  Jonathan, 163 

Coal  186 

^2~ 

Charleatown,  ....  84 

Navy  Yard,  ....■.*;; 49 

Banker  Hill  Monument   60 

^     I^'Trade ' ai 

Cars,  Railroad, 5? 

C-J'-fornia, ' ul 

Cambridge * 2IS 

Gigantic  Chimney, 64 

Washington  Elm, 64 

Harvard  University, ...'.'.','.' ' 66 

Cattle  MaAet, 6$ 

cna  Xt^"'' ^""^ Boston  ii;;kefc;;;; «« 

Cod  Fishery ' 70 

Commerce  of  the  United  Staies' 96 

Connecticut  Kiver,. .  215 

CattleMarket 178 

Congress, qq 

ChiId8,Mrs, ."."*.".'.".'.'.'.'.' 219 

Denominations  of  Christians      '" 

Distilleries, ,[[[ 2i0 

Exhibition  of  all  Nations,  ........'.".' ^^ 

Ksheries,  . .  135 

tr     .     

Herring, 

Whale ;;;;• sr 

Salmon, 88 

Cod, "  "  ■ 97 

Mackerel, lOO 

Newfoundland,...     *   * 97 

^gitive  Slave  Law,.    ••• 102 

Kllmore,  Millard,  ..'..'].* 1 92 

189 


INDEX. 


ix 


•  •  t  « 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  f 
«  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 


St 

4a 

4ft 
I6S 
186 

84 

49 

60 

01 

6^ 

148 

213 

64 

64 
.   69 

65 

66 

70 

•  96 

•  215 
178 

66 
219 
HI 

2iO 
36 

135 

97 

89 

97 
lOO 

97 
102 
192 
189 


Government  of  the  United  States, >l» 

Grapes,  Culture  of, '• 

Gold, *" 

Hwtford, '** 

Scttlementof, *W 

Population,  &c., ^^ 

Public  Buildings, **• 

Charter  Oak, IW 

Tom  Thumb, 1** 

Death  of  General  Taylor, 186. 

Imports  and  Exports  of  the  United  States,  217 

Iron, 85. 

Jenny  Lind, '^'^ 

Lexington, t  •  • .  75 

First  Blood  shed  in  the  Bevolution, , . . .  75 

Monument, 75 

Lynn 86 

Population, 87 

Manufactures, 87 

Pisheries •  • 8t 

Lowell Ift^ 

Population,  &C., 158 

Manufactures, 158 

Harriet  Farley 16* 

Spindles, 161 

Cotton, 162 

Lakes,  Commerce  and  Extent  of, '212 

Light  Houses, 117" 

Massachusetts  Betums, S& 

Mount  Auburn, 7't 

Cemetery, 71 

.   Dr.  Webster, 7» 

Capital  Punishment, * 7» 


Harblehead 

Ksherieg,  Ac., ' 9^ 

Maine, Inhabitants  of.. " '  * »6 

Militia '      •* 119 

Mackerel  Fisheiy,  .....,..* •  133 

Mississippi,  Commerce ofj..' 97 

Mint,  United  States, ' •  204 

Meteorology, * ' 214 

„     ^  ••     156  ^ 

Wewbnr7port, 

Population,. *"    102 

Fisheries  and  Shipping^.' **." 108 

Rev.  George  Whitefield,'. ^^ 

Navy, ^^"' 106 

IJewton  Comer, " •"    133 

Dr.  Tenlon, . . . ! !  i  .* 1 64 

Eliot, .........;;;;; m 

Monnmeiit, [ 165 

Geoige  Copway, ...........' ^'* 

Ifcwfonndland, [ * 166 

„  • 102 

IV>rtsmonth, 

Nary  Yard ........]. ' *  ^'5 

First  Line-of-Battle  Ship,. *•• "* 

Wnting,  first  in  America. "5 

IVwIand, ^ 65 

P«  Manufacture, .*.**' 115 

Providence, ' '  * 179 

Population, "^^ 

l^nufactnres, ' 1?* 

Brown  University, 173 

Boger  Williams, ...'. ' 17a 

Arcade, 173 

Constitution, [][ 172 

Presidents  of  the  United  Statis ^  ^^ 

PtostOffice, _ m 

Produce  of  the  Um'ted  Statwj. ^^^ 

?iopuIation  of  the  United  States '  •  *  •  •  • 2I8 

'"■ ,     220 


INDEX. 


XI 


H 

95 

119 

133 

97 

204 

214 

.....  156 

102 

108 

103 

lOf 

' . . .  133 

164 

....  164 

...  165 

....  U'« 

....  1 66 

" . .  102 

...  115 
...  115 
...  116 
...   65 
...  115 
...  179 
...  171 
...  17i 
■..  173 
..  172 
..  173 
..  172 
..  174 

. .   m 

..  202 
..  218 
.  >     220 


BaUroads, 137 

Bevonae  and  Expenditare, 2M 

Sodth  Boston, 56 

Bev.  Mr.  Clinch, « 56 

Institution  for  the  Blind, 57 

Laura  Bridgman, 57 

Salem, 90 

Dr.  Bowditch, 80 

Shipping,  &c., .•  91 

Museum, 91 

Witches, 92 

Fisheries, 92 

Salt,  Manufacture  of,   lOl 

Ships  huilt  in  the  United  States, 116 

Seamen,  number  of,  &c.,  '- 118 

Sedgwick,  Miss, 166 

Schools, 145 

Steamers, M5 

Springfield, 174 

Valuation, • 174 

Beautiful  Scenery, 176 

United  States  Anenal, 175 

Muskets, 175 

Thunder  Storms, ' 176 

Fourth  of  July, 178 

Slavery, 195 

Steamship  first  crossedthe  Atlantic, 206 

Temperance, 32 

Thompson,  Greorge, 200 

Tonnage, H6 

Territory  of  the  United  States, 212 

Taylor,  General, 187 

Taylor,  Father, 3 

Voyage  from  Newfoundland, 1 

Vineyards,  Cincinnati, 35 


■  imiuii  jtn\  i.ww 


xu 

Whale  Fishery, 

Whale  Candles, ^8 

Wine  Manufacture, *  *  • '  00 

Witches, ;; 92 

Wages,  rates  of, 92 

Women's  Rights  Convention,'.' '.'.'.*.*.'.'.'; * '    » »» 

Worcester, ',  155 

league  of  Brotherhood,... '.'.'.*.*.* ^^0 

Olive  Leaf  Circles,  .  • . .' '  *  ^20^ 

Elihu  Burritt, \  ' 120 

Peace  Congress, 1*9 

Statistics  of  War, 122 

Population,  Churdies,&c  !...'.".* ^^* 

Lunatic  Asylum, ' 186 

Roman  Catholic  College ^*^ 

Schools, ,,'  141 

Medical  College, '.!.'.*. "••  1*4 

Statistics^  &c., . .'. ,,[ 143 

Dr.Dick, *^^ 

Paine's  Gas, 160 

Witch  Hazel  Pointers, ^^* 


88 

.......   90 

92 

92 

......  119 

155 

120 

••••••  120 ^ 

120 

149 

122 

125 

136 

142 

141 

144 

148 

....   147 

• . . .  160 
....  154 

• • • •  223 


'W^ 


M-' 


'•''••WWW'BWHPSWWWBMMlli 


A  PEEP  AT  UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


On  the  5th  of  Nov.,  1849, 1  left  St.  John's,  New- 
foundland, ibr  Halifax,  ^Nova  Scotia,  in  the  Royal 
Mail  Steamer  "  Falcon,"  Capt.  Corbin.  After  touch- 
ing at  Sydney,  C.  B.,  for  coal,  we  arrived  in  Halifax 
on  the  lOth.  Here  I  met  with  many  friends  whom 
I  had  previously  become  acquainted  with;  among 
others  whom  I  visited  was  his  Excellency  Lieut.  Gen- 
eral Sir  John  Harvey,  the  Governor,  from  whom  I 
had  received  much  kindness  and  attention  during  his 
administration  of  the  Government  of  Newfoundland, 
as  well  as  during  my  visit  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1847. . 
I  was  received  by  Sir  John  with  that  courtesy  and 
cordiality  which  characterize  the  good  old  English 
Gentleman. 

On  the  17th  of  Dec.  I  left  Halifax  in  the-  sailing 
packet  "  Vixen,"  for  Boston.  I  was  glad  to  have  asr 
Captain  my.  old  friend"  and  countryman,  Richard 
Magher,  who  h|J  commanded  the  first  mail  steamer 


■Sh'V' 


# 


s 


A  PEEP  AT 


ever  employed  in  carrying  the  mail  between  Halifax 
and  Newfoundland,  which  extended  from  April,  1844 
down  to  the  period  when  he  wag  so  unfortunate  as  to 
have  loat  the  steamer  "Kestrel,"  at  St.  Shotts,  «n 
the  Newfoundland  coast,  in  the  summer  of  1849.    SF. 
Shotts  has  been  the  scene  of  a  number  of  shipwrecks 
comprising  several  of  H.  M.  ships  of  war,  as  well  as' 
of  merchant  vessels.     Th,y  all  appear  to  have  been 
carried  there  by  a  mysterious  current.    A  highly  in 
Cresting  and  philosophic  article  has  been  wn°ten  on 
the  probable  causes  of  the  shipwrecks  at  St.  Shotts 
by  Mr.  St.  John  of  Harbor  Grace,  and  published  in' 
bis  paper,  the  «  Conception  Bay  Herald."     I  was 
grieved  to  find  that  Captain  Magher  was  under  the 
impression  that  the  remarks  of  Mr.  St  John  did  him  a 
great  injury.    I  endeavored  to  remove  this  erroneous 
impression.     Capt.  Magher  took  great  exception  to 
the  remark  «  guided  by  the  rule  of  thumb."    My  in- 
timate  acquaintance  with  Mr.  St.  John  led  me  to  say 
that  he  would  be  among  the  last  men  in  the  world  U> 
do  or  say  any  thing  to  injure  another,  particularly 
Capt.  Magher.     Petitions  from  the  merchants  and* 
other  leading  inhabitants  of  Newfoundland,  had  been 
«ent  to  Mr.  Cunard  to  reinstate  Capt.  Magher  in  the 
command  of  the  mail  steamer,  but  apparently  without 


UNCLE   SAM'S   FABM. 


effect.  Capt.  Magher  had  not  only  commanded  the 
first  mall  steamer,  but  also  the  first  mail  sailing  packet 
up  to  the  time  of  her  being  superseded  by  a  steamer. 
We  arrived  in  Boston  after  a  stormy  and  most  dis- 
agreeable passage  of  nine  days.  Among  my  fellow^ 
passengers  was  Mrs.  Haddon  and  family.  (Mr.  Hadr 
don  had  previously  gone  on.)  This  gentleman  had 
been  sent  over  to  Newfoundland  by  the  Board  of  Ord- 
nance in  London  to  superintend  the  erection  of 
Government  House  in  St.  John's,  during  the  admim»> 
tration  of  Sir  Thomas  Cochrane  in  1825.  It  is  said 
to  have  cost  the  British  Government  upwards  of 
X50,000.  Owing  to  adverse  circumstances,  Mt. 
Haddon  has  been  compelled  to  seek  a  home  in  the 
great  American  Republic.  Immediately  on  my  Mr- 
rival  in  Boston,  I  waited  on  my  Newfoundland  fiiends, 
Messrs.  Rice  and  Pearce.  The  next  day  I  proceeded 
to  see  the  Rev.  Edward  T.  Taylor,  or,  as  he  is  gener- 
ally called.  Father  Taylor.  (The  aged  ministers  of 
every  denomination  are  called  Fathers  in  this  country.) 
Father  Taylor  is  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  has  been  Pastor  of  the  Bethel  Church  on 
North  Square  from  its  commencement.  It  was 
erecte  d  by  the  "  Boston  Port  Society  "  in  1828,  at  a 
cost  of  $28,000.    The  building  is  of  brick,  eighty-one 


A  PEEP  At 

I7  filytlirco  feet,  and  ,vill  seat  fifteen  hundred  per- 
sons.     1  have  received   ihe  greatest  kindness  from 
Father  Taylor  and  his  hospitable  family.     He  has 
great  oratorical  powers.    He  is  truly  a  great  original. 
He  uses  very  quaint  sayings  in  the  pulpit.     Some  of 
bis  imagery  and  illustrations  are  beautiful.     Very  fre- 
quently the  same  sermon   makes   the   congregation 
laugh  and.ivcep.      Father  Taylor  is  a  man  of  hi-h 
respectability  and  great  influence  in  Boston.    He  was 
one  of  the  Delegates  selected  to  go  in  the  Jamestown 
with  provisions  tc  the  Irish  in  1847.    A  few  doors 
from  Father  Taylor's  residence,  I  found  my  country- 
man. Dr.  Molloy,  who  had  been  our  family  physician 
lit  Carbonoar,  from  my  boyhood  op  to  the  time  of  his 
leaving  for  Canada,  fourteen  years  ago.    Dr.  Molloy 
Btdl  practises  as  a  physician.    His  eldest  son  will  re- 
ceive his  diploma  to  practice  some  time  during  the 
year.     Dr.  Molloy  frequently  accompanied  me  in  mv 
wanderings  through  the  great  thoroughfares  of  Boston. 
_    I  next  visited  the  Rev.  Abel  Stevens,  A.  M.,  who 
IS  the  author  of  two  or  three  works,  and  the  t  iitor  of 
Z.»n  s  Herald,"  the  organ  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
<!opal  Church  for  the  New  England  States.    He  is  a 
man  of  great  talent.      The  most  eloquent  speech  I 
ever  heard  was  from  Mr.  Stevens,  delivered  at  the 


UNCLE   SAM'S   FARM. 


"  Young  Men'3  Missionary  Meeting,"  at  the  Brom- 
field  street  Church.  His  style  and  language  was 
much  like  Richard  Watson's.  I  have  on  all  occasions 
received  great  kindness  from  Mr.  Stevens.  I  was  in- 
troduced by  Mr.  Stevens  to  Bishop  Janes,  who  was 
then  on  a  visit  to  Boston  ;  also  to  the  Fev.  Mr.  Cran- 
dall,  Presiding  Elder  of  the  Boston  district.  I  was 
also  introduced  by  Mr.  Stevens  to  all  the  preachers, 
who  were  then  holding  a  weekly  conference  at  the 
Bromfield  street  Church.  During  my  first  interview 
with  Mr.  Stevens,  he  asked  me  what  they  thought  of 
annexation  in  Newfoundland.  I  told  him  they  thought 
nothing  about  it ;  that  in  this  respect  it  was  quite  dif- 
ferent from  Canada,  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia; 
that  many  parts  of  those  provinces  were  settled  by 
Lo}'alists  at  the  time  of  ihe  American  Revolution; 
that  these  countries  were  on  the  continent  and  joining 
the  United  States,  with  which  they  had  constant  inter^ 
course  by  land  as  well  as  by  sea;  consequently  ft 
great  deal  of  the  American  habits,  customs  and  maor 
ners  are  diffused  through  the  continental  British  proy- 
inces ;  but  that  Newfoundland  was  isolated  and 
separated  from  the  continent  by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, and  had  nothing  of  the  American  character 
diffused  amongst  her  people,  not  &  particle  of  symH 
V 


6 


A  PEEP  AT 


pathy  witli  tho  annexationists.     As  Mr.  Stevens  ap- 
peared  to  know  little  or  nothing  of  Newfoundland,  I 
gave  him,  so  near  as  I  can  recollect,  the  following 
information.      Newfoundland  is  an  island,  350  miles 
long,  and  200  broad.      It  is  the  last  land  near  the 
contment,  on  this  side  the  Atlantic,  and  about  1900 
miles  distant  from  the  nearest  part  of  Ireland.     Ifc 
contains  a  population  of  100,000,  scattered  along  tho 
sea-coast,  the  greater  part  of  whom  are  engage°d  in 
the  cod  fishery.     The  population  are  wholly  English, 
Irish  and  Scotch,  their  descendants  being  the  nadves! 
One  half  the  population  are  Roman  Catholics.     Tho 
other  half  are  Protestants,  comprising  the  following 
denominations :  35,000  Episcopalians,  14,000  Meth^ 
odists,  400  Congregationalists,  and  500  Presbyterians 
of  the  Established  and  Free  Church  of  Scotland.     It 
is  the  oldest  colony  of  the  British  Crown  in  America, 
having  been  discovered  by  Cabot  on  the  24th  of  June,' 
1497.     It  has  no  interior  settlements,  and  but  few 
roads  leading  more  than  eight  or  ten  miles  into  the 
interior.     Almost  every  family  has  from  one  to  twenty 
acres  of  land  surrounding  their  dwelling,  from  which 
they  raise  their  vegetables.     The  land,  however  is 
very  poor ;  not  a  particle  of  loam  is  to  be  found  in 
the  island.     The  forest  consists  of  pine,  larch,  spruce 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


»• 


fir,  and  birch,  of  a  very  scrubby,  stunted  growth. 
Maple,  oak,  ash,  beech,  elm,  or  any  other  of  thoso 
beautiful  trees  that  adorn  the  American  landscape, 
are  not  to  be  found  in  Newfoundland.  Although  bar- 
ren and  rocky,  Newfoundland  produces  some  of  the 
finest  potatoes  in  the  world.  Last  year  (1848)  it 
produced  5,000  barrels  of  flour.  Sir  John  Gaspard 
Lo  Marchant,  the  present  Governor,  is  a  man  of 
energy  and  enterprise,  and  has  greatly  facilitated 
agriculture  in  Newfoundland.  In  1842,  an  Agricul- 
tural Society  was  formed  under  the  auspices  of  Sir 
John  Harvey,  the  then  Governor.  This  Society  ha3 
greatly  increased  in  usefulness  under  the  fostering 
care  of  the  present  Governor.  It  awards  premiums 
for  the  best  crops,  &c.  The  principal  annual  agricul- 
tural produce  of  Newfoundland  is  as  follows : 

Bushels  of  Potatoes,        1,300,000 
Bushels  of  Grain,  11,695 

Tons  Ilay  and  Fodder,  12,000 

In  1845,  there  were  owned  in  the  island  2,409  horses ; 
8,135  cows  and  oxen  ;  5,750  sheep  ;  5,077  hogs,  and 
6,791  goats.  The  whole  agricultural  produce  annually 
has  been  estimated  at  £300,000,  or  1,500,000  dol- 
lars. Its  annual  imports  amount  to  nearly  £900,000, 
and  its  exports  to  about  the  same  sum,  amounting  to 


"  A   PEEP  AT 

4/00,000  .iolla™.  Of  the  import,,  ^230,000,  or 
1,1..0,000  dollu™  worth  are  from  tl>o  United  States 
«hU.  t^,„  o.,port3  t„  !!,o  Unit-d  States  amount  to  only 
£-<i:  ^0,  or  100,000  dollars.  Nearly  the  whole  of 
U«e  export  produco  consists  of  fish  and  oil.  Nevr- 
foundland  employs  upwards  of  800  vessels  iu  the  seal 

600,000.     Taking  into  aeeount  the  fisheries  and  for- 
eign and  coasting  trade,  Newfoundland  annually  cm- 
ploys  about  2,500  sail  of  vessels.      St.  John's,  the 
cajntal  of  the  island,  contains  a  population  of  about 
^AOOO.     It  has  been  visited  by  three  terrible  eonfla- 
grafons,  by  which,  each  time,  nearly  the  whole  town 
was  destroyed.    The  la^t  occurred  on  the  9th  of  June 
1846,  when  over  2,000  houses  were  destroyed,  and 
property  to  the  amount  of  .£800,000,  or  4,000  000 
dollars,  consumed.     On  the  12th  of  February,  1816 
a  most  destructive  fire  desolated  a  great  part  of  the' 
town  of  St.  John's.     When  the  intelligence  of  this 
oalaSitous  event  reached  the  city  of  Boston,  a  deep 
and  powerful  sympathy  was  excited  among  her  citfe-.  , 
for  the  destitution  of  1500  human  beings,  Jeft  ho"  v 
less  md  penniless  amid  the  frosts  and  storms  of  * 
>lewfoundland  winter.     Burying  in  oblivion  the  recoL 
lection  ,h,t  the  year  previous  the  two  countries  were 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


hostile  to  each  oth(3r,  and  regardless  of  tho  disputed 
riglit  to  fishing  on  tho  Banks,  winch  rij^ht  Amorica 
wi^jhod  to  claim,  but  Britain  was  unwillin;':  to  concede, 
the  noble  and  di^iintcrested  citizens  of  Boston  only  re- 
membered the  claims  of  their  suffering  fellow  crea- 
tufps  upon  tlioir  hospitality.  A  vessel  was  immediately 
loaded  with  provisions,  which  were  sent  to  bo  distrib- 
i;ti3d  gratuitously  among  tho  distressed  inhabitants  of 
St.  John's,  where  she  arrived  in  safety  and  delivered 
her  valuable  cargo.  It  was  considered  a  most  daring 
and  hazardous  enterprise  for  a  vessel  to  bravo  the 
storms  of  a  winter  passage  to  Newfoundland  at  that 
period. 

The  principal  street  of  St.  Juhn's  is  built  of  brick 
and  stone,  and  some  of  tho  shops  are  equally  as  fine 
as  are  to  he  found  in  the  city  of  Boston.  It  is  more 
of  an  aristocratic  place  than  any  other  of  the  Amer- 
ican British  colonies.  Several  partners  in  the  mer- 
cantile firms  are  members  of  tho  British  House  of 
Commons.  A  partner  in  one  firm  is  one  of*  the 
Directors  of  the  Bank  of  England.  St.  John's  is 
lighted  with  ga^j,  and  has  water-works,  connected  with 
which  are  numerous  fire  plugs,  to  bo  used  in  case  of 
fire,  as  well  as  for  watering  the  streets.  For  the  ex- 
tent of  population,  it  probably  docs  more  business  than 


10 


A  PEEP  AT 


any  place  in  the  world.    It  i,  the  principal  market  for 
the  agricultural  produce  and  live  stock  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island,  and  the  eastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia. 
The  island  is  divided  into  nine  Districts,  which  return 
fifteen  members  to  the  House  of  Assembly.     The 
Councd  consists  of  nine  members,  who  are  Executive 
and  Legislative,  and  are  appointed  by  the  Crown. 
The  Ch-.ef  Justice  of  the  island,  the  Hon.  Francis 
Brady,  ,3  an  Irish  gentleman,  and  a  Koman  Catholic. 
The  Collector  of  Her  Majesty's  Customs,  John  Kent, 
Esq.,  IS  an  Irish  gentleman,  and  a  Roman  Catholic. 
There  are  also  two  of  the  Stipendiary  Magistrates 
Irish  Roman  Catholics.     The  other  principal  offices  of 
the  Government  are  filled  by  Protestants.    Mr.  Kent, 
the  Collector,  has  been  the  leading  politician  of  the 
country.    He  is  a  great  reformer,  a  good  speaker, 
and  a  man  of  considerable  talent. 

The  carboniferous  group  of  rocks  abound  on  the 
western  part  of  the  island,  where  there  is  a  coal  field 
thirty  miles  long,  and  marble  in  abundance.     Copper 
iron  and  lead  have  been  discovered  in  different  part^ 
ot  the  island. 

Mr.  Stevens  appeared  surprised  at  the  resources 
and  trade,  for  so  small  a  population,  and  said  he  won- 
dered how  people  could  live  in  so  cold  a  country      I 


UNCLE    SAM'S  FARM. 


u 


told  him  he  was  quite  mistaken  with  regard  to  the 
climate.  I  said  the  thermometer  was  very  rarely  four 
or  five  degrees  below  zero  in  the  winter  season,  and 
during  the  coldest  days  not  more  than  ten  degrees. 
During  the  summer  the  thermometer  ranges  from  sev- 
enty to  eighty-five  degrees.  In  Massachusetts,  the 
thermometer  is  from  ten  to  twenty  degrees  below  zero, 
and  more  in  the  coldest  days  ;  and  in  the  summer  the 
mercury  ranges  from  eighty  to  over  one  hundred  de- 
grees. Mr.  Stevens  said  he  had  no  idea  Newfound- 
land possessed  such  a  climate.  I  told  him  it  was  per- 
haps the  healthiest  climate  in  the  world.  No  fevers 
of  any  kind  are  generated  in  the  country.  Not  a 
frog,  toad,  lizard,  snake,  or  any  other  venomous  rep- 
tile, has  ever  been  found  in  the  island. 

In  all  my  subsequent  interviews  with  some  of  the 
leading  men  of  this  country,  I  found  that  whenever 
Newfoundland  was  the  subject  of  conversation,  they 
invariably  carried  in  their  minds  the  idea  that  it  formed 
a  part  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunsyvick. 
I  recollect,  in  a  conversation  with  the  Hon.  Edward 
Everett,  on  the  meeting  recently  held  in  Portland  for 
the  purpose  of  forming  a  railroad  from  the  States 
through  the  "British  Provinces,  Mr.  Everett  began  to 
Bpeak  of  the  great  advantages  Newfoundland  would 


12 


A  PEEP  AT 


derive  from  having  the  railroad  running  through  it. 
But  when  I  called  his  attention  to  the  fact  of  its  bein* 
an  island,  he  said,  -  "  I  have  cause  to  remember 
Newfoundland  ;  I  xvas  near  being  shipwrecked  on 
Cape  Race."     I  presented  Mr.  Everett  with  a  copy 
of  the  Newfoundland  Almanac,  containing  the  general 
statistics  of  the  island  ;  and  in  return  received  from 
him  a  copj  of  his  last   Oiation,  delivered  at  the 
seventj-fifth   annivei-sary  of  the   battle  of   Bunker 
Hill.      I  also  presented  His  Excellency,  Governor 
Briggs,  with  a  copy  of  the  Newfoundland  Almanac, 
and  al^o  Hon.  Millard  Fillmore,  President  of  tlie  Uni- 
ted States,  who  oxpresspd  himself  much  pleased  with 
the  amount  of  information  Avhich  it  contained.  .         .. 
One  cannot  visit  Boston  without  being  reminded 
that  he  is  in  the  home  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  who 
fled  from  persecution  in  their  own  land,  and  braved 
the  storms  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  that  amidst  the 
"rocking  pines  of  the  forest"  they  might  find  for 
themselves  a  burial,  but  for  their  children  and  princi- 
ples a  home.     The  landir.g  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers, 
from  the  Mayflower,  on  Plymouth  Bock,  took  place 
December  22nd,  1620,  in  the  depth  of  winter,  with 
no  place  of  abode,  .mid  frost  and  snow,  and  sur- 
rounded  ^^ith  savages  and  wild  beasts.      The  first 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FABM. 


18 


settlers  of  this  State  were  men  of  learning,  wealthj 
and  religion.     Nursed  in  the  lap  of  luxury  at  home, 
they  endured  great  privation  and  suffering  on  their 
arrival  in  this  country.     They  must  have  had  great 
courage  and  perseverance.     They  used  to  carry  the 
hoe  in  one  hand  and  a  musket  in  the  other,  to  protect 
themselves  from  the  incursions  of  the  Indians.     The 
landing  of  the  Pilgrims  is  annually  celebrated  through- 
out the  New  England  States.    It  is  called  "  Thanks- 
givmg  Day."      Service  is  kept  in  all  the  churches, 
and  busmess  of  every  kind  suspended.    Boston  is  the 
capital  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  the  metropolis 
of  New  England,  the  Uterary  emporium  of  the  west- 
em  world,  "  the  City  of  the  Pilgrims,"  "  the  City  of 
Notions,"  the  "Railroad  City,"  "the  old  English 
City."     As  the  stranger  for  the  first  time  paces  the 
narrow,  crooked  streets  of  Boston,  the  events  of  the 
Revolution  crowd  upon  his  mind.     Here  it  was,  that, 
in  1773,  a  number  of  citizens  disguised  themselves  as 
Indians,  boarded  some  British  ships  loaded  with  tea, 
and  threw  three  hundred  and  forty-two  chests  of  it 
into  the  sea,  rather  than  pay  the  tax  imposed  on  them 
by  the  British  Government,  which  finaUy  led  to  the 
Independence  of  America.      Boston  took  the  most 
important  part  in  the  struggle  for  Independence.    It 
2 


14 


A  PEEP  AT 


is  emphaticaUy  the  birth-place  of  American  freedom, 
and  up  to  the  present  hour  has  taken  the  lead  in  all 
political  and    social  reforms  of   any  consequence. 
Boston  is  situated  on  a  peninsula,  at  the  western  ex- 
tremity of  Massachusetts  Bay.     It  is  about  three 
miles  in  length,  and  one  in  breadth.    Its  surface  is 
quite  uneven,  and  rises  into  three  eminences,  from 
which  originates  the  name  Tremont,  or  Tri-Mountain, 
by  which  it  was  called  by  the  first  settlers.    Its  In- 
dian name  was  Shawmut.    It  received  its  present 
name  on  the  7th  September,  1630,  in  honor  of  the 
Rev.  John  Cotton,  who  was  an  emigrant  from  Boston 
in  England,  and  second  mmister  of  the  first  church. 
It  was  incorporated  a  city  in  1822.     The  peninsula 
on  which  Old  Boston,  or  Boston  proper,  is  built,  ex- 
tends from  Roxbury  to  Winnisimmet  Ferry,  a  great 
part  of  which  has  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea.    It 
is  surrounded  by  the  waters  of  Boston  harbor  on  the 
east,  and  Charles  river  on  tiie  north  and  west.    South 
Boston  was  taken  from  Dorchester  in  1804.     It  is 
connected  with  Boston  proper  by  two  bridges.    East 
Boston,  a  few   years  ago,  was  called    "Noddle's 
Island."    It  is  connected  with  Old  Boston  by  a  steam- 
boat ferry,  which  starts  from  either  side  every  five 
minutes. 


UNCLE  SAM'S   FABM. 


16 


Boston  harbor  is  one  of  the  most  commodious  and 
beautiful  in  the  world,  containing  about  seventy-five 
square  railes,  in  which  the  whole  British  Navy  might 
ride  in  safety,  completely  land-locked.  The  harbor  is 
perfectly  free  from  sand-bars.  The  most  important 
part  of  the  harbor  is  entered  by  a  narrow  pass,  about 
three  miles  below  the  city  and  Navy  Yard,  and  is  pro- 
tected by  two  strong  forta,  Independence  and  Warren. 
Boston  harbor  is  bespangled  with  numerous  beautiful 
islands.  The  soft  materials  of  which  these  islands 
are  composed  are  gradually  yielding  to  the  action  of 
the  sea ;  and  where  large  herds  of  cattle  were  once 
pastured  the  ocean  billow  now  rolls.  Boston  harbor 
is  the  reservoir  of  the  Mystic,  Charles,  Neponset, 
Manatiquot,  and  other  small  rivers.  Boston  is  the 
second  commercial  city  in  the  Union,  and  fourth  in 
population.  The  whole  length  of  the  harbor  is  lined 
with  about  two  hundred  docks'  and  wharves,  more  than 
five  miles  in  extent.  Boston  is  called  the  "  Athens  of 
America."  Her  citizens  are  considered  more  of  a 
literary  people  than  any  other  community  in  the  Uni- 
ted States.  There  are  over  one  hundred  newspapers 
and  magazines  printed  in  the  city,  and  about  one 
hundred  and  forty  charitable  and  literary  societies. 

In  1648,  all  the   inhabitants  assembled   in   one 


16 


A  PEEP  AT 


church ;  now  there  are  nearly  one  hundred.     Some 
of  the  churches  of  Boston  are  splendid.     The  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Churcli  on  Hanover  street,  with  its 
buttresses,  battlements,   turrets,  and  pinnacles,  pre- 
sents a  grand  and  imposing  appearance.     It  is  built 
of  freestone,  in  the  Gothic  style.     The  pews,  pulpit, 
organ,  and  gallery  fronts,  are  of  black  walnut,  richly 
carved  and  ornamented.     The  spire  is  two  hundred 
and  twenty-six  feet  in  height  above  the  level  of  the 
ground.     It  formerly  belonged  to  the  Unitarians,  and 
was  purchased  by  the  Methodists  for  $90,000,  or 
^18,000  sterling.     The  celebrated  Rev.  Dr.  Cotton 
Mather,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Increase  Mather,  were  con- 
nected with  the  first  congregations  of  this  church. 

Every  visitor  of  Boston  feels  a  strong  desire  to  visit 
the  «  Old  South  Church."  It  belongs  to  the  Congre- 
gationalists,  and  stands  at  the  corner  of  Washington 
and  Milk  streets,  and  was  one  of  the  places  of  meet- 
mg  of  the  leaders  of  the  Revolution.  ' 

"  Here  was  delivered,  in  defiance  of  the  threats  of 
authority,  and  in  presence  of  marshalled  soldiery, 
Warren's  fearless  oration  on  the  anniversary  of  thJ 
Massacre  of  the  5th  of  March,  1770.  Here  was  re- 
peatedly held  the  meetings  of  oppressed  freemen, 
which  called  forth  those  peals  of  patriotic  eloquence, 


ij 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


17 


which  aroupod  this  whole  country,  and  shook  the 
British  throne." 

The  Brattle  Street  Church,  once  Congregationalist, 
but  now  Unitarian,  has  a  cannon  ball  embedded  in  the 
brick  in  front ;  the  ball  was  fired  by  the  American 
Army,  stationed  in  Cambridge,  on  the  night  previous 
to  the  evacuation,  March  17th,  1776. 

Trinity  Church,  on  Summer  street,  is  the  principal 
church  belonging  to  the  Episcopalians.  It  is  a  splen- 
did Gothic  edifice,  of  granite.  The  organ  of  this 
church  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  costly  m  the 
country.  The  Rt.  Rev.  Manton  Eastburn,  D.  D., 
Bishop  of  Massachusetts,  preaches  in  this  church. 
From  this  gentleman  I  have  on  all  occasions  received 
the  greatest  politeness  and  attention.  The  Bishop  is 
an  Englishman ;  he  came  to  America,  however,  when 
very  young.  He  has  visited  England  once  or  twice 
since  his  elevation  to  the  Episcopal  Chair ;  he  is  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, the  Bishop  of  Worcester,  and  other  leading  Pre- 
lates of  the  English  Church.  Mass  was  first  cele- 
brated in  Boston,  in  an  old  French  Church,  Nov.  22, 
1788, 

The  "  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross,"  in  FrankUn 
street,  is  the  prmcipal  one  belonging  to  the  Roman 
2** 


18 


A  PEEP  AT 


Catbolics  in  Boston;  the  present  Bishop,  the  Rt. 
Rev.  J.  B.  Fitzpatrick,  D.  D.,  is  a  native  of  Boston. 
There  is  but  one  Presbyterian  Congregation  at 
present  in  Boston,  who  occupy  one  of  the  public  halls 
for  worship. 

The  oldest  church  belonging  to  the  Episcopalians, 
is  Christ  Church,  on  Salem  street.    It  was  built  in 
1723,  and  is  the  only  church  in  New  England  with  a 
chime  of  bells.     It  is  built  of  brick,  and  has  a  steeple 
one  hundred  and  seventy-five  feet  high,  in  which  are 
eight  beUs,  which  peal  forth  some   beautiful   tunes 
every   Sabbath.     There  are  inscriptions  on  all   the 
bells,  three  of  which  are  the  following :  «  We  are  the 
first  ring  of  bells  cast  for  the  British  Empire  in  North 
America,  A.  R.,  1744."     "Abel  Rudball,  of  Glou- 
cester, cast  us  all.     Anno,  1744."     "  God  preserve 
the  Church  of  England.     1744."     The  present  min- 
ister, the  Rev.  John  Woart,  A.  M.,  has  been  the  rec- 
tor of  this  church  for  the  last  ten  years.     Mr.  Woart 
is  one   of   the    most   intimate  friends  I    have    in 
America. 

Federal  Street  Church  (Unitarian)  is  the  church 
over  which  the  celebrated  Rev.  Dr.  Channing  pre- 
sided from  1803  to  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1842. 
This  church  was  first  formed  by  Irish  Presbyterians, 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


19 


in  1827.  It  adopted  the  Congregational  order  in 
1786,  and  finally  became  Socinian,  or  Unitarian. 
The  Unitarians,  I  believe,  are  the  wealthiest  people 
in  Boston ;  at  the  same  time  they  are  amongst  the 
most  liberal  in  the  support  of  all  benevolent  institu- 
tions in  aid  of  the  cause  of  humanity  and  religion. 

Of  the  rich  men  of  Boston  in  1849,  there  were 
eight  who  were  taxed  for  over  half  a  million  of  prop- 
erty ;  seven  for  between  $100,000  and  $500,000 ; 
fourteen  for  between  $300,000  and  $400,000 ;  twen- 
ty-five for  between  $200,000  and  $300,000;  and 
one  hundred  and  twenty-five  for  between  $100,000 
and  $200,000.  The  following  are  the  names  of  those 
taxed  for  over  half  a  million:  Abbott  Lawrence, 
$1,032,400;  Robert  G.  Shaw,  $829,400;  David 
Sears,  $752,600 ;  Jonathan  Thilips,  $688,000 ;  Jo- 
siah  Quincy,  Jr.,  $619,000 ;  John  Wells,  $616,000 ; 
Thomas  Wigglesworth,  $556,000;  John  Bryant, 
$549,700. 

The  population  of  Boston  proper,  according  to  the 
census  of  1850,  just  taken,  is  as  follows : 

Native  born,  75,459 

Irish  born,  52,960 

Other  Foreign,  10,359 


Total, 


138,778 


20 


A  PEEP  AT 


There   are   2,112   colored   people.       But  including 
South  and  East  Boston,  Charlestown,  Chelsea,  Rox- 
bury,  and  the  neighboring  towns  of  East,  West,  and 
Old  Cambridge,  Dorchester,  Maiden,  Medford,  Brigh- 
ton and  Brookline,  which  are  component  parts  of  Bos- 
ton, and  are  as  much  associated  with  i   as  Westmins- 
ter is  with  London,  Magotty  Cove  with  St.  John's, 
Newfoundland,   or    Portland  with    St.   John,  New 
Brunswick,  the  population  of  Boston  would  be  over 
300,000.     Boston  is  rapidly  expanding  itself  into  a 
great  city  ;  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  probably 
will  contain  a  population   of  over  half  a  million. 
Places  which  a  few  years  ago  « told  of  the  stirring  of 
the  ocean  old,"  are  now  laid  out  in  beautiful  streets, 
lined  with  fine  buildings.     The  City  Authorities  are 
now  reclaiming,  or  rather  making,  a  great  quantity  of 
land  at  the  "  Neck,"  leading  from  Boston  to  Roxbuiy. 
Two  of  the  principal  streets  of  Boston,  Washington 
and  Tremont,  lead  straight  on  from  the  city  to  the 
furthest  extremity  of  Roxbury,  a  distance  of  about 
seven  miles. 

The  whole  number  of  alien  passengers  which  ar- 
rived in  Boston,  for  the  quarter  ending  July  1, 1850, 
was  15,559.  The  total  number  of  emigrants  which 
arrived  in  the  United  States  from  April  1, 1848,  to 
April  1, 1849,  was  247,500. 


UNOLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


21 


Jut  including 
Chelsea,  Rox- 
it,  West,  and 
idford,  Brigh- 
parts  of  Bos- 
as  Westmins- 
St.  John's, 
John,  New 
•uld  be  over 
itself  into  a 
ars  probably 
P  a  million, 
le  stirring  of 
tiful  streets, 
thorities  are 
)  quantity  of 
to  Roxbuiy. 
Washington 
city  to  the 
Be  of  about 

I  which  ar- 
ly  1, 1850, 
•ants  which 
1, 1848,  to 


The  sacrifice  is  very  great  indeed  in  becoming  ex- 
patriated from  one's  country.  I  cannot  describe  the 
painful  emotions  I  felt,  when  for  the  last  time  I  saw 
the  shadowy  outlines  of  my  native  land  die  away  in 
the  distance.  A  thousand  fond  recollections  clustered 
around  my  heart,  of  home,  and  kindred,  and  friends, 
perhaps  never  to  see  again  on  earth.  Thousands 
have  been  disappointed  in  coming  to  America.  Many 
persons  imagine  that  by  coming  to  this  country  they 
will  at  once  be  placed  in  comfortable,  if  not  affluent 
ciiciimstances,  without  toil.  This  is  a  great  mistake  ; 
every  body  must  work  here,  and  "  go  ahead ; "  their 
constant  course  must  be  —  onward  and  upward. 

The  following  important  table  exhibits  at  a  single 
view  the  number  of  emigrants  from  the  British 
Islands,  in  the  last  eleven  years,  and  the  chief 
places  of  their  destination. 


North 

United 

Australia 
Colonies 

All  other 

iw^i^l 

Years. 

American 
Colonies. 

States. 

and  New 
Zealand. 

Places. 

TotaL 

1839 

12,658 

33,536 

15,786 

227 

62,207 

'^^^^1 

1840 

32,293 

40,642 

15,850 

1,958 

90,743 

^^^1 

1841 

38,164 

45,017 

32,625 

2,785 

118,592 

1842 

54,123 

63,852 

8,534 

1,835 

128,344 

1843 

23,518 

28,335 

3,478 

1,881 

57,212 

1844 

22,924 

43,660 

2,229 

r,873 

70,686 

1845 

31,803 

58,538 

830 

2,330 

93,501 

1846 

43,439 

82,239 

2,347 

1,826 

129,851 

1847 

109,680 

142,154 

4,949 

1,487 

258,270 

1848 

31,065 

188,233 

23,904 

4,387 

248,089 

^^H 

1849 

41,367 

21  9,450 

32,091 

6,590 

299,498 

Total, 

441,034 

945,656 

142,623 

27,680 

1,553,993 

22 


A  PEEP  AT 


A  large  number  of  British  emigrants  arc  brought 
to  this  country  by  funds  gratuitously  provided  by  rela- 
tives already  in  the  United  States.  A  writer  in  the 
London  Chronicle,  July  15th,  after  learning  the 
amount  of  bills  negotiated  in  this  way  by  five  houses 
in  Liverpool,  estimates  that  the  sum  of  one  million 
sterling,  or  nearly  $5,000,000,  is  thus  sent  over 
every  year. 

The  number  of  paupers  in  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1849  was  24,892.  Of  this  number  9,128 
were  from  England  and  Ireland ;  the  cost  of  supporting 
which  amounted  to  |441,675,  or  upwards  of  X88,. 
000.  The  value  of  labor  performed  by  paupers  in 
Alms  House,  $17,000,  or  about  X3,500. 

It  is.  estimated  that  there  are  200,000  Canadians 
residing  in  the  United  States.    Boston  is  the  healthiest 
city  in  the  Union,  standing  higher  in  this  respect  than 
all  the  larger  cities.     The  weekly  mortality  of  Boston 
is  from  60  to  80  deaths.     According  to  a  table  kept 
m  the  City  Registrar's  office  in  Boston,  the  Ameri- 
cans  present  a  much  higher  standard  of  longevity 
than  do  the  foreigners ;  and  foreign  children's  diseases 
also  prove  much  more  extensively  fatal  than  do  those 
of  the  children  of  natives. 

Diarrhoea,  dysentery,  typhoid,  typhus,  and  other 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FABi.. 


fevers  prevail  very  extensively.  More  die  of  con- 
sumption, however,  than  of  any  other  disease.  Three 
things  operate  very  powerfully  against  the  health  of  the 
American  people : — First,  close  stoves;  air-tight  stoves 
are  every  where,  in  the  kitchen,  the  parlor,  the  cham- 
ber, the  counting-room,  and  the  workshop.  Secondly, 
the  constantly  eating  sweetmeats  and  confectionary^ 
morning,  noon  and  night ;  thus  the  digestive  organs  are 
constantly  kept  in  action,  when  they  should  be  at 
rest ;  and  thirdly,  fast  eating,  the  wearing  of  tldn 
hoots  and  shoes,  and  the  want  of  exercise  hy  walking. 
No  one  will  think  of  walking  half  a  mile  while  be 
is  able  to  pay  for  a  cab. 

Boston  is  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 
The  State  contains  7,250  square  miles ;  321  cities 
and  towns;  and  has  a  population  of  973,715.  It 
sends  ten  members  to  Congress.  The  number  of 
State  Senators  (which  correspond  to  the  Council  in 
the  British  colonies)  is  40,  and  the  number  of  State 
Representatives  (corresponding  to  the  House  of 
Assembly)  is  356.  The  present  Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts His  Excellency  George  N.  Briggs  LL.  D. ; 
belongs  to  the  Baptist  denomination.  Lieutenant 
Governor,  His  Honor  John  Reed,  LL.  D.  The 
Governor  receives  a  salary  of  $2,500  per  annum,  or 


u 


A  PEEP  AT 


.£500  sterling.  Boston  has  railroads  branching  ofif 
in  almost  every  direction,  thus  connecting  it  with  the 
remotest  parts  of  the  country.  It  is  the  great  depot 
for  all  the  manufactures  of  the  New  England  States  ; 
all  contributing  thus  to  make  it  a  city  of  great  com- 
merce. The  following  is  the  number  of  vessels  arriv- 
ing at  the  port  of  Boston  for  the  past  six  years :  — 


Year. 


1844 
1845 
1846 

1847 
1848 
1849 


Foreign. 

2,174 
2,305 
2,090 
2,740 
3,009 
3,111 


Coastwise. 

5,009 


Duties 

on  Foreign 

Merchandise. 


$5,956,962 
5,259,441 
4,780,186 
7,004  5,448,361 

4,908,927 
5,031,994 

Besides  the  above,  a  great  number  of  vessels  are 
employed  in  the  fisheries,  wood  carrying,  &c.  It  is 
computed  that  altogether  over  12,000  vessels  annually 
enter  the  port  of  Boston.  In  arrivals  from  foreign 
ports  in  1844,  New  York  excelled  Boston  by  only 
thirty-four  vessels. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  principal  articles 
of  import  during  the  undermentioned  years  :  — 


midsof 
Molasses. 


Year.  Bales  of  Cotton.  Molasses.  Bbls.  Flour.  Bush.  Com. 

1843  151,090  61,774  610,964  1,540,306 

1844  175,529  77,426  686,586  1,960,663 
1847  197,824  82,219  1,036,783  2,601,424 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


26 


The  exports  were :  — 


Tear. 

1843 
1844 


Bbls  of  Flour. 

94,675 

107,862 


Bales  of  Cotton. 

1,876 
6,000 


The  value  of  the  domestics  exported  (principallj 
cotton  goods)  in  1844,  amounted  to  $1,2-34,458. 

In  1847,  518,800  barrels  flour  came  into  Boston 
b^  the  Western  Railroad.  In  1845,  the  freight  of  a 
barrel  of  flour  from  Albany  to  Boston,  200  miles,  was 
25  cents ;  from  Buffalo  to  Boston,  521  miles,  85 
cents  ;  from  Detroit,  848  miles,  105  cents  j  and  from 
Chicago  to  the  same  place,  1,563  miles,  125  cents. 
The  average  price  of  flour  in  Boston  for  the  previous 
ten  years,  up  to  1814,  was  $6,80.  The  British 
reader  will  bear  in  mind  that  100  cents  make  a  dollar, 
and  five  dollars  make  one  pound  sterlinf^. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  ioaugural 
address  of  Mr.  Quincy,  the  Major  of  Boston  in  184G  : 
«  A  few  jears  ago  Boston  had  no  facilities  for  com- 
municating with  the  interior ;  and  when  the  West 
and  the  North  began  to  develop  their  vast  resources, 
and  to  become  at  once  the  consumers  of  our  manufao-' 
tures  and  the  producers  of  our  food,  our  easiest  com- 
munication  with  them  was  through  our  sister  cities. 
To  them  our  manufactured  articles  went;  to  them  our 
8 


26 


A  PEEP  AT 


merchants  resorted ;  our  oitj  was  shut  out  from  the 
advantages  of  the  fertilizing  tide  that  was  flowing 
between  the  Old  World  and  the  New,  and  we  were 
almost  stationary  while  other  cities  progressed.  But 
the  railroad  has  changed  all  this,  and  given  us  a  new 
facility  for,  the  transaction  of  our  old  business  ;  has 
created  and  developed  new  and  incalculable  resources, 
and  given,  perhaps,  a  greater  impulse  to  our  city 
than  to  any  other  in  the  world.  Five  years  ago, 
Boston  had  comparatively  no  back  country;  now, 
nine  hundred  miles  of  New  England  railroads  centre 
here,  and  as  many  more  within  New  England  are  in 
the  process  of  construction.  These  render  Boston 
emphatically  her  capital.  Considered  in  this  light 
alone,  the  position  of  Boston  is  one  of  present  power, 
with  a  certainty  of  rapid  advancement.  But  her 
connections  already  stretch  far  beyond  New  England. 
She  is  on  the  high  road  between  Europe  and  the 
West ;  and  that  vast  country  has  become  tributary  to 
her  increase.  The  car  that  leaves  our  city  this  morn- 
ing nay  deposit  its  merchandise  in  thirty-six  hours  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  five  hundred  miles  from  the 
place  of  its  departure ;  from  thence,  inland  seas, 
navigable  by  vessels  of  the  largest  class,  stretch  away 
for  hundreds  of  miles  along  shores  fertile  for  agricul- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


ture,  or  rich  in  minerals.  Canals  already  connect 
these  lakes  with  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
with  the  navigable  waters  of  her  tributaries,  which, 
extending  twenty  thousand  miles,  communicate  with' 
forty  thousand  miles  of  shores  unrivalled  in  fertility. 
But  more  rapid  modes  of  communication  will  this  year 
be  opened.  The  railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Sandus- 
ky, built  by  the  aid  of  the  citizens  of  Boston,  will 
bring  the  Ohio  within  a  journey  of  three  days ; 
enabling  the  traveller  to  reach  Boston  from  Cincin- 
nati in  twelve  hours  less  time  than  he  can  Baltimore, 
although  the  latter  place  is  three  hundred  miles  the 
nearest. 

"But  these  are  but  a  small  part  of  the  railways 
that  are  to  increase  the  prosperity  of  Boston.  There 
are  already  in  process  of  construction  roads  stretch- 
ing towards  Montreal,  Burlington,  Ogdensburg ;  roads 
branching  from  Albany  will  reach  Kingston,  and 
extend  thence  through  Canada  West ;  others  running 
from  Buflfalo  to  Detroit  on  both  sides  of  Lake  Erie, 
will  ere  long  reach  the  upper  sources  of  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  and  the  child  is  now  born  who  will  see  them 
terminate  at  the  Pacific.  The  time  may  come  when 
the  expectation  that  led  Columbus  i»  seek  a  passage 
to  India  from  Europe  by  proceeding  west,  will  be 


28 


A  PEEP  AT 


realized,  and  the  direct  communication  between  those 
points  may  pass  through  the  city  of  Boston." 

There  are  in  the  city  of  Boston  twenty-seven 
banks,  with  a  capital  of  $19,280,000,  and  out  of 
.  Boston  ninety-two  banks,  with  a  capital  of  $7,320,- 
000 ;  making  a  total  of  one  hundred  and  nineteen 
banks  for  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  besides  which 
there  are  forty-two  institutions  for  savings  in  the 
State. 

The  officers  of  the  city  of  Boston  are  a  Mayor, 
eight  Aldermen,  forty-eight  Common  Council-men, 
twelve  Overseers  of  the  Poor,  and  twenty-four  School 
Committee-men.     They  are  chosen  annually. 

The  Major  and  Aldermen  are  elected.  The  Mayor 
only  receives  pay.  The  Common  Council  are  elected 
by  the  wards,  but  receive  no  pay.  The  two  branches 
of  the  city  Government  usually  act  separately.  In 
their  collective  capacity  they  are  called  the  City 
Council,  who  appoint  the  city,  officers,  and  fix  their 
compensation,  &c. 

The  following  is  the  number  of  Courts  held  in 
Boston :  — 

Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States.  This  Court  is 
holden  at  Boston  ^vice  a  year. 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


29 


District  Court  of  the  United  States.  This  Court 
is  holden  at  Boston  four  times  a  year. 

Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts,  for  the  counties 
of  Suffolk  and  Nantucket.  Law  Term,  in  Boston,  in 
March.  Nisi  Prius  Term,  in  Boston,  in  Septemher. 
Adjourned  Nisi  Prius  Terms  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  other  counties  are  frequently  holden  in  Boston. 

Court  of  Common  Pleas.  A  term  of  this  Court  is 
holden  in  Boston  quarterly. 

Municipal  Court.  This  Court  is  holden  every 
month,  for  the  trial  of  criminal  actions,  for  the  city  of 
Boston.  The  judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
preside  alteniately. 

The  Police  Court  of  the  City,  for  the  trial  of  crim- , 
inal  cases,  is  a  court  of  similar,  but  inferior,  jurisdic- 
tion to  the  Municipal  Court.     It  sits  daily.     Three 
Justices  preside  alternately  in  this  Court.     There  is 
no  jury.     An  appeal  lies  to  the  Municipal  Court. 

Justices'  Court.  This  is  a  Court  for  the  trial  of 
civil  suits,  under  twenty  dollars.  The  Justices  who 
preside  in  the  Police  Court  alternately  preside  here. 
There  is  no  jury.  An  appeal  lies  to  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  This  Court  sits  twice  a  week.  It  is 
a  Court  of  Record,  and  much  of  the  minor  business 
of  the  city  is  transacted  here. 
3* 


80 


A  PEEP  AT 


The  Probate  Court  is  liolden  at  the  Probate  Office 
once  a  month. 

All  the  above-mentioned  Courts,  excepting  the 
Probate  Court,  are  holiien  in  the  Court  House,  a  spar 
cious  and  elegant  granite  building  in  Court  street. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  is  held  in 
Washington,  and  has  but  one  session  annually.  It 
consists  of  a  Chief  Justice  and  eight  Associate  Jus- 
tices, who  reside  in  different  States.  The  Chief  Jus- 
tice, the  Hon.  Roger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  receives 
a  salary  of  $5,000  per  annum,  and  the  Associate 
Judges  $4,500  each. 

The  United  States  are  also  divided  into  nine 
Judicial  Circuits,  in  each  of  which  a  Circuit  Court  is 
held  semi-annually,  by  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  the  District  Judge  of  the  State  or  district 
in  which  the  Court  sits.  The  United  States  are  also 
divided  into  forty-three  districts,  in  which  District 
Courts  are  held  by  thirty-five  judges. 

The  educational  institutions  of  Massachusetts  are 
not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  other  country  in  the 
.world.  There  are  now  in  Boston  197  schools  with 
20,000  pupils  in  attendance.  These  schools  are  sus- 
tained at  the  public  charge.  The  following  sums 
were  paid  from  the  City  Treasury  in  support  of  these 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


81 


schools  during  the  past  year,  (1849.)  For  instruction 
the  sum  of  §176,930  ;  for  repairs,  fuel,  and  other 
expenses  of  school-houses,  |57j695  ;  for  new  school- 
houses,  $99,489;  making  a  total  of  $334,114. 
There  are  about  2,000  children  attending  private 
schools  not  educated  at  the  public  expense. 

Manufactures  of  almost  every  description  are  carried 
on  at  Boston  ;  the  whole  in  1845  amounted  to  $10,- 
648,153. 

The  Mayor,  in  his  inaugural  address  in  1850,  says : 
"  The  city  debt,  exclusive  of  that  contracted  for  water, 
(which  is  $4,540,000,)  amounted  on  the  31st  day  of 
December  to  $1,623,863.  It  is  estimated  by  the 
Auditor  that  the  debt,  even  if  no  anticipated  expen- 
diture shall  be  authorized,  will  amount  at  the  close  of 
the  financial  year  (30th  April)  to  the  sum  of  $1,726,- 
803.  To  meet  this  sum  we  have  bonds  and  mortgages, 
$242,000 ;  balance  to  credit  of  Committee  on  Reduc- 
tion of  Debt,  $28,000;  City  Wharf,  valued  at  $600,- 
000  ;  all  amounting  to  $770,000  :  besides  the  Mar- 
ket, (yielding  over  $30,000  per  annum,)  many  other 
public  buildings,  the  Public  Garden,  and  nearly  ten 
millions  of  feet  of  upland  and  flats  in  the  11th  and 
12th  wards.  The  specific  appropriations  for  the  cur- 
rent financial  year  were  $1,415,600.    The  Auditor 


32 


A  PEEP  AT 


estimates  that  the  total  amount  of  expenditures  for 
the  year  will  not  be  less  than  $1,729,300.  The 
increase  is  caused  mainly  by  appropriations ;  —  for 
filling  up  the  flats,  (of  which  I  have  already  spoken) 
$100,000  ;  for  carrying  on  construction  of  new  jail, 
$123,000;  and  for  additional  paving,  $70,000.  The 
city  tax  assessed  for  the  year  was  $1,174,715." 

According  to  law  no  liquors  are  allowed  to  be 
retailed  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  Yet  we  find 
Boston  well  supplied  with  oyster  saloons  and  bar- 
rooms,  where  a  great  quantity  of  liquors  of  every 
description  are  vended  ;  probably  a  greater  quantity 
of  spirits  is  sold  in  this  way  than  if  they  had  to  pay 
for  licenses.  I  do  not  remember,  however,  to  have 
seen  but  one  or  two  drunken  men  during  the  three 
months  which  I  remained  at  Boston, 

The  city  is  well  supplied  with  Temperance  So- 
cieties. There  are  42  Divisions  of  the  "  Sons  of 
Temperance,"  with  3,000  members ;  besides  which 
there  are  ten  or  a  dozen  other  Temperance  Societies. 
I  heard  Gov.  Briggs  deliver  an  address  at  a  meeting 
of  the  «  Cadets  of  Temperance  »  in  the  Samaritan 
Hall.  I  also  heard  Mr.  Gough  lecture  at  the  Tremonfc 
Temple,  who  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  popular 
lecturers  on  temperance  in  the  country.     The  lecture 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


88 


was  good,  but  did  not  come  up  to  my  expectation. 
Father  Malhew  is  now  visiting  the  South. 

The  Rev.  Paul  Denton,  a  Methodist  minister  in 
Texas,  lately  advertised  a  barbacue,  with  better  liquor 
than  usually  furnished.  When  the  people  were 
assembled,  a  desperado  in  the  crowd  cried  out:  "Mr. 
Paul  Denton,  your  reverence  has  lied.  You  promised 
not  only  a  good  barbacue,  but  better  liquor.  Where's 
the  liquor  ?  " 

"  There  ! "  answered  the  missionary,  in  tones  of 
thunder,  and  pointing  his  motionless  finger  at  the 
matchless  double  spring,  gushing  up  in  two  strong 
columns,  with  a  sound  like  a  shout  of  joy  from  the 
bosom  of  the  earth.  "  There  !  "  he  repeated,  with  a 
look  terrible  as  lightning,  while  his  enemy  actually 
trembled  at  his  feet ;  "  there  is  the  liquor  which  God 
the  eternal  brews  for  all  his  children. 

"Not  in  the  simmering  still,  over  smoky  fires, 
choked  with  poisonous  gases,  and  surrounded  with  the 
stench  of  sickening  odors  and  rank  corruptions,  doth 
your  Father  in  heaven  prepare  the  precious  essence 
of  life,  the  pure  cold  water.  But  in  the  green  glade 
and  grassy  dell,  where  the  red  deer  wanders,  and  the 
child  loves  to  play,  there  God  brews  it ;  and  down, 
low  down  in  the  deepest  valleys,  where  the  fountain 


84 


A  PEEP  AT 


murmurs  and  the  rills  sing;  and  high  up  in  the  moun- 
tain tops,  where  the  naked  granite  glitters  like  gold  in 
the  sun,  where  the  storm-cloud  broods  and  the  thun- 
der-storms crash,  and  away  far  out  on  the  wide  wild 
sea,  where  the  hurricane  howls  music,  and  the  big 

wave  rolls  the  chorus,  sweeping  the  march  of  God 

there  He  brews  it,  that  beverage  of  life,  health-giving 
water.      And  every  where  it  is  a  thing  of  beauty ; 
gleaming  in  the  dew-drop;   singing  in  the  summer 
rain ;  shining  in  the  ice-gem,  till  the  trees  all  seem 
turned  to  living  jewels,  spreading  a  golden  veil  over 
the  setting  sun,  or  a  white  gauze  around  the  midnight 
moon ;  sporting  in  the  cataract ;  sleeping  in  the  glar 
cier ;  dancing  in  the  hail  shower,  folding  its  bright 
snow  curtains  softly  about  the  wintry  world;  and 
weaving  the  many-colored  iris,  that  seraph's  zone  of 
the  sky,  whose  warp  is  in  the  rain-drop  of  earth, 
whose  woof  is  the  sunbeam  of  heaven,  all  checked 
over  with  celestial  flowers,  by  the  mystic  hand  of  re- 
fraction.    Still  always  it  is  beautiful  —  that  blessed 
life-water !  no  poison  bubbles  on  its  brink ;  its  foam 
brings  not  madness  and  murder ;  no  blood  stains  its 
liquid  glass ;  pale  widows  and  starving  orphans  weep 
not  burning  tears  in  its  depths  ;  no  drunkard's  shrink- 
ing ghost  from  the  grave  curses  it  in  words  of  eternal 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


85 


despair !  Speak  out,  my  friends,  would  you  exchange 
it  for  the  demon's  drink,  alcohol  ?  " 

A  shout  like  the  roar  of  a  tempest,  answered 
«No!'» 

It  is  estimated  that  the  annual  cost  of  Intemperance 
is,  in  France,  ^^260,000,000;  in  Great  Britain, 
8105,000,000;  in  Sweden,  $65,000,000 ;  and  in  the 
United  States,  $40,000,000;  besides  the  cost  of 
prisons,  police,  asylums,  work-houses,  &c.,  which  is  in 
a  great  measure  attributable  to  intoxicating  drinks. 

A  great  quantity  of  wine  is  now  manufactured  in 
the  United  St&ies,-  Several  cargoes,  I  believe,  have 
been  shipped  from  New  York  to  Europe.  In  Cincin- 
nati, the  capital  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  the  "  Queen 
City  of  the  West,"  grapes  are  cultivated  to  a  great 
extent.  Within  twenty  miles  of  the  city  there  are 
743  acres  of  vineyard  culture.  The  average  produce 
per  acre  in  1848,  (a  good  season,)  was  300  gallons. 
In  1849,  (the  worst  year  ever  known,)  it  was  100 
gallons.  New  Catawba  wine,  at  the  press,  brings  75 
cents  a  gallon.  When  ready  for  sale,  it  is  sold  at 
$1,25  per  gallon.  The  product  of  the  Catawba  per 
acre  is  considerably  more  than  that  of  the  wine  grape 
in  France.  The  following  is  a  calculation  of  the  coat 
and  profit  of  a  vineyard  on  the  Ohio  river : — 


86 


A  PEEP  AT 


Cost  of  a  vineyard  per  acre,  say  $250  ; 

interest  per  annum,  $15,00 

Coat  of  attending,  per  acre,  60,00 

Cost  of  making  tho  wine,  25,00 

Probable  average  annual  product,  200 

gallons,  at  $1,00  per  gallon,  200,00 

Supposed  profit  per  acre,  $100,00 

Considerable  quantities  of  tho  wild  grape  of  Mas- 
sachusetts are  being  manufactured  into  wine.  A 
farmer  of  Princeton  a  few  days  ago  informed  mo  that 
he  made  65  barrels  of  wine  during  the  past  year. 
The  number  of  distilleries  at  present  in  Massachusetts 
is  43. 

The  following  arc  the  principal  distilleries  and 
breweries  of  New  York. 

Messrs.  Cogswell,  Crane  &  Co.  have  an  immense 
distillery  situated  in  Williamsburgh.  Thj  various 
buildings  occupy  seventy-five  lots  of  ground'  in  all, 
valued  at  150,000.  At  this  extensive  distillery,  there 
are  manufactured  vast  quantities  of  saleratus,  whiskey, 
alcohol,  New  England  rum,  and  domestic  liquors  of 
all  kinds,  and  the  work  is  done  with  steam-power,  by 
three  engines,  from  ten  to  nineteen  horse-power,  and 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


£7 


a  number  of  boilers.  The  above  firm  givea  constant 
employment  to  upwards  of  seventy-five  men,  and  the 
following  materials  are  consumed  annually  at  their 
factory  :  —  300,000  bushels  of  grain  ;  7,500  hhds.  of 
molasses  ;  and  5,000  tons  of  Lackawana  coal.  The 
establishment  has  been  in  operation  ten  years. 

Messrs.  Nathan  C.  Ely  &  Co.  have  a  very  extensive 
distillery  at  Williamaburgh.  The  buildings  (con- 
structed of  brick)  cover  twelve  entire  lots  of  ground, 
and  cost  $30,000.  They  have  two  steam  engines,  of 
fifteen  horse-power,  also  two  large  boilers.  With  this 
steam  power  a  vast  quantity  of  salcratus,  N.  E.  rum, 
and  other  kinds  of  domestic  liquors  for  exporting  and 
this  market,  are  manufactured.  Messrs.  Ely  &  Co. 
consume  annually,  7,000  ho^shc^ds  of  molasses; 
800,000  gallons  of  whiskey,  and  2,000  tons  of  coal. 
They  have  been  in  operation  about  eighteen  years, 
and  at  present  give  employment  to  some  forty  men  in 
the  various  departments  of  their  establishment. 

Messrs.  H.  Havens  &  Son  have  a  large  distillery, 
where  they  manufacture  great  quantities  of  rum,  gin, 
brandy,  alcohol,  pure  spirits  and  saleratus.  The 
buildings  cover  five  lots  of  ground,  and  the  establish- 
ment has  been  in  operation  over  thirty  year!=! ;  and  with 
their  apparatus  the  distillery  is  capable  of  manufao- 


I      '. 


88 


A  PEEP  AT 


turing  20  hogsheads  of  liquor  per  day,  and  200  casks 
of  saleratus  per  month. 

Miles'  Brewery.  —  This  Brewery,  owned  and  con- 
clucted  by  Messrs.  W.  B.  &  J.  Miles,  occupies  five 
lots  of  ground.  It  has  been  in  operation  for  the  past 
27  years.  When  first  started  it  was  a  very  small  es- 
tablishment, the  building  was  about  20  by  80  feet ; 
but  now  it  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  city. 

The  article  of  pale  and  amber  ale  manufactured 
here,  is  very  choice,  and  brings  from  $5  to  $8  per 
cask ;  and  even  at  these  rates,  notwithstanding  the  im- 
mense quantity  of  the  article  manufactured,  being 
i  generally  about  10,000  or  11,000  casks  yearly,  their 
houses  of  storage  are  seldom  burdened. 

At  this  brewery  is  made  a  quality  of  ale  equal  to 
any  brewed  in  England  or  Scotland,  and  the  bottling 
of  this  article  is  an  important  part  of  the  business. 

In  order  to  manufacture  a  sufficient  quantity  of  ale 
to  supply  their  customers,  Messrs.  W.  B.  &  J.  Miles 
have  now  in  course  of  erection  an  additional  building 
in  the  rear  of  those  they  now  occupy.  The  building 
will  be  of  brick,  six  stories  in  height,  and  60  feet  long 
by  34  wide.  All  of  the  building  will  be  used  for 
brewing  purposes,  except  the  two  upper  stories,  which 
ture  intended  for  public  halls. 


md  200  casks 

rned  and  con- 
occupies  five 
n  for  the  past 
very  small  es- 
by  30  feet ; 

manufactured 
|5  to  $8  per 
nding  the  im- 
;tured,  being 
yearly,  their 

f  ale  equal  to 
i  the  bottling 
e  business, 
aantity  of  ale 
i.  &  J.  Miles 
onal  building 
The  building 
i  60  feet  long 
be  used  for 
stories,  ^hich 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


39 


The  Empire  Brewery,  belonging  to  Messrs.  Nash 
&  Beadleston,  covers  about  twelve  lots,  and  has  been 
established  since  1845.  They  employ  20  hands,  and 
use  a  steam  engine  of  six  horse-power.  Beer  and 
amber  ale  are  the  articles  manufactured. 

Messrs.  Pernie  &  Co.'s  Brewery.  The  building  is 
large.  They  have  been  in  operation  but  one  year, 
and  during  that  time  upwards  of  7000  barrels  of  pale 
and  amber  ale  have  been  manufactured  by  them. 
This  brewery  is  one  of  the  best  regulated  and  con- 
structed of  any  in  the  city.  The  machinery  is  all 
driven  by  one  engine  of  six  horse-power.  The  num- 
ber of  men  employed  here,  on  an  average,  is  about 
forty. 

Adjoining  the  above  extensive  establishment  is  a 
large  rectifying  distillery,  owned  and  conducted  by 
Messrs.  P.  B.  &  H.  Pernie,  who  rectify  all  kinds  of 
liquors  and  cordials,  and  occupy  several  buildings 
in  the  rear  for  the  storage  of  the  same.  This  estab- 
lishment has  been  in  successful  operation  for  nearly 
forty  years. 

Messrs.  Rogers  &  Crane  are  large  manufacturers 
of  alcohol,  (various  proofs)  and  all  kinds  of  domestic 
liquors,  and  are  also  extensively  engaged  in  rectifying 
domestic  whiskey.     Their  establishment,  consisting  of 


jipgrrr-  -'- 


i> 


r 


1: 


40 


A  PEEP  AT 


various  sized  buildings,  covers  eight  lots  of  ground, 
and  cost  upwards  of  $50,000.  The  factory  has  been 
in  operation  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century,  during 
which  time  it  was  in  the  hands  of  James  Waterburv 
&  Co.  for  about  twelve  years,  and  since  then  Messrs. 
Rogers  &  Crane  have  been  the  proprietors.  The 
above  firm  give  constant  employment  to  a  large  num- 
ber of  men,  and  transact  a  vast  amount  of  business 
annually. 

Messrs.  Johnson  &  Lazarus  are  extensively  engaged 
in  rectifying  whiskey  and  converting  it  into  domestic 
liquors.  Besides  a  large  amount  of  charcoal,  300 
tons  of  Lackawana  coal  are  used  during  the  year. 

The  distillery  of  Blair,  Bates  &  Co.,  which  has 
been  about  two  years  established,  consumes  600  bush- 
els of  grain  per  day,  employs  20  hands,  and  uses  a 
steam  engine  of  20  horse-power. 

The  rectifying  distillery  of  Messrs.  Hunter  &  Man- 
ley  covers  five  lots  of  ground,  and  employs  twelve 
men.  They  have  a  steam  engine  of  six  horse-power 
in  operation.  It  has  been  established  about  ten 
years. 

The  distillery  of  Swede,  Schenck  &  Co.  is  one  of 
the  largest  on  Long  Island,  and  together  with  the  rec- 
tifying department  and  lofty  grain  stores,  covers  about 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


41 


40  lots.  It  has  been  established  about  25  years,  and 
employs  on  an  average  between  40  and  45  men.  The 
machinery  is  driven  by  a  steam  engine  of  50  horse- 
power. The  quantity  of  grain  consumed  each  day  is 
1200  bushels,  and  about  2,800  tons  of  coal  are  used 
during  the  year.  The  value  of  the  whole  property  is 
estimated  at  $100,000.  This  firm  are  also  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  N.  E.  rum  and  saleratus. 


IN  BROOKLYN. 

The  re-  'png  distillery  of  Bach,  Sons.&  Co.  covers 
six  lots,  xi  was  established  in  the  year  1811,  nearly 
40  years  ago.  They  employ  about  a  dozen  men. 
The  business  is  entirely  confined  to  the  r?^.^'fying  of 
alcohol,  Cologne  spirit,  gin,  brandy,  an,:  pure  rye 
whiskey.  About  3,600  gallons  of  spirit  undergoes 
this  operation  per  day.  A  small  steam  engine  of  six 
horse-power  is  used  in  the  establishment,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  pulverizing  charcoal,  1,800  bushels  of  which 
are  consumed  during  the  year;  also,  for  pumping 
whiskey  and  other  purposes. 

In  Wallabout  a  new  grain  distillery  has  just  been 

established  by  Messrs.  Tower  &  Dingleburgh,  and 

though  only  a  short  time  in  operation,  does  a  large 

amount  of  business.    They  employ  about  sixteen  men, 

4* 


\; 


42 


A  PEEP  AT 


and  consume  600  bushels  of  grain  per  day.  Their 
machinery  is  y.rked  by  an  en^-ine  of  forty  horse- 
power. 

In  Skillman  Street,  near  Flushing  Avenue,  East 
Brooklyn,  are  two  distilleries  adjoining  each  other, 
one  belonging  to  Charles  Wilson,  and  the  other  to  J. 
J.  Wood  &  Co.  Mr.  Wilson's  establishment  has  been 
in  operation  about  17  years,  and,  together  with  the 
stables  attached,  in  which  are  stalls  for  800  cows,  oc- 
cupies the  whole  block  from  Franklin  to  Skillman 
streets.  It  employs  from  sixteen  to  eighteen  hands, 
and  consumes  800  bushels  of  grain  per  day.  A  steam 
engine  of  20  horse-power  drives  the  machinery. 

The  distillery  of  Messrs.  Wood  &  Co.  is  on  the 
same  scale  as  the  preceding  one ;  they  consume  about 
100  bushels  of  grain  per  day.  The  buildings  are 
constructed  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  of  brick. 
The  whiskey  they  manufacture  is  principally  used  for 
burning  fluid,  after  undergoing  the  necessary  processes 
in  the  establishment. 

At  the  corner  of  Jay  and  Pearl  streets  a  new 
brewery  has  been  recently  established  by  Mr.  John- 
sbn,  who  for  the  last  31  years  has  been  engaged  in  the 
business  in  this  city.  Eight  men  are  employed,  and 
a  small  steam  engine  is  in  use  for  washing  the  grain. 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


43 


At  present  they  consume  at  the  rate  of  20,000  bush- 
els of  grain  per  season  in  the  maniifacture  of  beer. 

The  distillery  of  Manlej  &  Embury,  at  the  corner 
of  Tillary  and  Gold  streets,  covers  an  extensive  area 
of  ground.     It  has  been  established  about  seventeen 
years,  and  employs  fifty  men.     The  machinery  is 
driven  by  a  large  steam  engine  of  fifty  horse-power, 
which  is  supplied  by  several  boilers.      About  three 
thousand  gallons  of  whiskey  are  made  each  day. 
The  principal  public  buildings  of  Boston  are :  — 
The   State  House,  which    is  situated  on  Beacon 
street,  fronting  the  Common.   Its  length  is  one  hundred 
and  seventy-three  feet,  breadth  sixty-one  feet.     It  was 
commenced  in  1795,  and  finished  in  1798.     It  cost 
$133,333.     In  the  month  of  May  I  paid  a  visit  to 
the  top  of  the  State  House,  accompanied  by  my/riend 
Emmett  from  Newfoundland,  the  view  from  which  is 
exceedingly  interesting  and  beautiful.   It  is  a  splendid 
panorama,  embracing  a  circumference  of  sixty  or  sev- 
enty miles.     Immediately  beneath  the  spectator  is  the 
.  city,  wiih  its  numerous  spires  and  crooked  streets. 
On  the  east  appears  the  ocean,  covered  with  ships  in 
all  directions ;  and  in  every  other  direction  appears 
hill  and     de,  farms  and  villas,  towns  and  cities,  the 
"whole  presenting  one  of  the  grandest  pictures  of  na- 


w- 


44 


A  PEEP  AT 


ture  and  art  that  can  well  be  imagined.  The  first  time 
I  visited  the  State  House,  I  heard  the  Hon.  Amasa 
Walker  (to  whom  I  had  been  introduced  by  my  friend 
Elihu  Burritt)  deliver  an  eloquent  and  telling  speech 
in  the  Senate,  in  condemnation  of  the  Hon.  Daniel 
Webster's  speech  delivered  in  Congress  on  the  slavery 
questian. 

The  Custom  House  is  located  on  India  street,  be- 
tween two  of  the  principal  wharves.  It  is  in  the  form 
of  a  cross,  built  of  granite,  and  cost  upwards  of  a 
million  dollars.'  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
substantial  buildings  in  the  United  States. 

Faneuil  Hall  Market,  or,  as  it  is  generally  called, 
"  Quincy  Market,"  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United 
States.     It  is  built  of  hewn  granite.     It  was  com- 
menced in  1824,  and  finished  in  1827,  while  Hon. 
Josiah  Quincy  was  at  the  head  of  the  city  govern- 
ment.    It  is  nearly  600  feet  in  length,  and  50  feet 
wide.      The  ground  floor  is  divided  into  129  stalls, 
each  furnished  with  beautiful  polished  white  marble 
slabs.     The  centre  part  of  the  building  is  77  feet 
high,  capped  with  a  beautiful  dome.     In  the  second 
story  is  "  Quincy  Hall."     The  land  upon  which  this 
building  stands  was  reclaimed  from  the  sea.     The  en- 
tire cost  of  the  building  was  over  one  million  dollars. 
The  market  yields  over  J30,000  per  annum. 


r. 


Srst  time 
.  Amasa 
iy  friend 
;  speech 
Daniel 
■  slavery 

eet,  be- 
he  form 
ds  of  a 
iful  and 

called,. 
United 
s  com- 
3  Hon. 
govern- 
so  feet 
'  stalls, 
marble 
7  feet 
second 
ch  this 
he  en- 
ollars. 


v^ 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


46 


A  short  distance  from  the  Market  is  Faneuil  Hall. 
It  was  built  in  1740,  bv  Peter  Faneuil,  a  citizen  of 
Boston,  and  presented  to  the  city.  It  is  three  stories 
high.  The  lower  story  is  used  as  shops  ;  the  second 
story  is  the  Hall,  which  is  seventy-six  feet  square, 
twenty-eight  feet  high,  and  has  deep  galleries  on  three 
sides.  It  will  hold  upwards  of  5,000  persons.  Its 
walls  are  ornamented  with  paintings  of  patriots,  war- 
riors and  statesmen.  The  third  story  contains  the 
armories  of  the  diflferent  military  companies  of  the 
city.  It  is  renowned  in  the  history  of  Massachusetts 
as  the  place  where  the  fathers  of  the  Revolution  used 
to  meet.  It  is  called  the  "Cradle  of  Liberty." 
During  the  past  autumn  a  *' Mechanics' Fair "  was 
held  in  Faneuil  and  Quincy  Halls,  consisting  of  a 
rare  exhibition  of  the  mechanical  genius  of  this  coun- 
try. A  unique  bridge  was  thrown  across  the  street 
from  one  hall  to  the  other.  This  bridge  has  received 
the  unqualified  praise  of  the  Bostonians,  for  strength, 
novelty  and  elegance.  The  inventor  of  this  novel 
bridge,  Mr.  Lanergan,  is  a  native  of  Port-aux  Swax, 
.  on  the  western  coast  of  Newfoundland  ;  he  was  my 
fellow  passenger  from  Halifax  to  Boston  on  his  way 
from  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  and  is  one  of  the 
most    interesting    and    intelligent    persons    I    ever 


46 


A  PEEP  AT 


travelled  with.  Mr.  Lanergan  is  a  Pyrotechnist,  and 
made  the  fireworks  which  were  to  have  been  exhibited 
on  Boston  common  on  the  4th  of  July,  but  were 
delayed  in  consequence  of  rain  to  a  later  period. 
The  fireworks  were  quite  a  grand  display  for  design, 
color  and  brilliancy. 

The  Boston  Museum  is  situated  on  Tremont  street. 
It  is  an  immense  granite  building,  la  the  Venetian 
style  of  Architecture.  It  was  erected  in  1846  at  a 
cost  of  upwards  of  $200,000.  The  collection  com- 
prises nearly  half  a  million  objects  of  interest,  em- 
bracing almost  every  variety  of  birds,  quadrupeds, 
reptiles,  insects,  shells,  minerals  and  fossils,  an  oxteA- 
sive  gallery  of  costly  paintings,  engravings  and 
statuary,  together  with  a  great  variety  of  curious 
specimens  of  nature  and  art  from  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Its  usefulness  as  a  Museum  is  in  a  great 
measure  destroyed,  owing  to  the  rear  of  the  building 
being  occupied  as  a  theatre  ;  a  theatrical  performance 
is  considered  par*;  of  the  exhibition  at  the  Museum. 
The  charge  for  visiting  the  Museum  is  twenty-five 
cents,  including  the  theatre. 

The  Athenaeum  is  a  large  and  beautiful  sandstone 
building  on  Beacon  street ;  it  contains  a  library  of 


r 
I, 


■**:■ 


i.,it»i'KL.''i.i;'i;  .Sr.'  \ 


• 


i\ 


M 


V 


UNCLK   SAM'S  FARM. 


47 


nearly  40,000  volumes,  beside  pictures  and  statuary 
to  the  valuo  of  about  ^50,000. 

The  Merchants'  Exchange,  which  was  erected  in 
1841,  is  a  magnificent  structure,  built  of  granite  and 
brick,  and  laid  with  hydraulic  cement.  *'  Its  fronton 
State  street  is  seventy-six  feet ;  its  height,  seventy 
feet ;  its  depth  to  Lindall  street,  two  hundred  and 
fifty  feet ;  covering  thirteen  f  .lousai.^  feet  of  land. 
The  front  is  entirely  of  Quir  i^}  gvan  :e,  with  four 
pilasters  and  two  antes,  being  for  fivo  feet  in  height, 
weighing  on  the  average  fifty-five  tons  each.  Up- 
wards of  one  million  six  hundred  thousand  bricks 
have  been  used.  The  roof  is  constructed  of  wrought 
iron,  and  covered  with  galvanized  sheet  iron ;  and  all 
the  principal  staircases  are  of  iron  and  stone,  and  of 
course  fire-proof.  The  front  is  occupied  by  banks, 
insurance  offices,  and  places  of  business  ;  the  roar  is 
an  hotel ;  the  basement  is  occupied  by  bath  rooms, 
and  the  top  as  a  telegraph  station. 

*'  The  great  centre  hall  is  the  Merchants'  Exchange 
and  reading  room.  Its  dimensions,  fifty-eight  by 
eighty  feet,  having  eighteen  columns,  twenty  feet  in 
length,  in  imitation  of  Sienna  marble,  with  Corinthian 
capitals.  The  most  finished  and  highly  ornamented 
work  m  the  structure,  is  the  enamelled  skylight  of 


.■^■j 


r^tJimMff 


"•m'xrmmmm 


48 


:*■ 


A  PEEP  AT 


|[   h 


I  i\ 


colored  glass,  in  the  centre  of  the  dome  of  the  great 
hall-;  and  a  more  splendid  crown  to  the  noble  edifice 
cannot  be  imagined,  for  it  seems  to  be  composed  of 
every  brilliant  that  the  richest  fancy  could  conceive. 
The  centre  of  the  basement  storj  is  occupied  bj  the 
Post  Office,  and  is  thirty-six  by  ninety-nine  feet.     It 
has  entrances  from    State,   Congress    and    Lindall 
streets,  through  a  spacious  lobby  of  twenty  by  eighty 
feet.     This  story  has  a  vaulted  ceiling,  which  supports 
the  principal  floor,  and  is  entirely  fire-proof,  the  win- 
dows  being  provided    with   wrought  iron    shutters 
of   superior  construction.      The   total   cost  of   the 
building,  exclusive  of  land,  was  $175,000.'*     ^ 

Boston  is  well  supplied  with  large   and  elegant 
hotels.    Amongst  the  prinoipal  are  the  Reverejeouse, 
Tremont  House,  Adams  House,  and  United*  States 
Hotel,  each  containing  from  150  to  about  400  rooms. 
Frequently  in  front  of  these  hotels  are  to  be  seen  a 
line  of  boarders,  sitting  in  the  true  Yankee  fashion, 
with  their  legs  thrown  either  across  the  arms  of  the 
chair  upon  which  they  sit,  or  the  back  of  another 
chair,  puffing  a  cigar.     At  the  Marlboro'  Hotel  for 
the  first  time  I  saw  the  celebrated  and  world-renowned 
American  philanthropist,  Elihu  Burritt,  Esq.,  A.  M., 
who  from  that  hour  became  my  most  intimate  and 


IfBilii 


u 


UNCLE      Airs   FABM. 


49 


best  friend.    I  also  saw  Frederika  Bremer,  whose 
reputation  is  so  well  known  as  a  distinguished  writer. 
In  front  of  the  State  House  is  the  Common,  a 
dehghtful  promenade,  containing  about  seyenty-five 
acres  of  land,  beautifuUy  laid  out  in  walks  intersect- 
ing  each  other  m  every  direction,  and  shaded  with 
upwards  of  one  thousand  trees,  consisting  of  maple, 
ash,    lime,    horn-beam,   button-wood,   English   and 
American  elm,  with  a  jingo,  (a  native  of  Java:) 
the  whole  of  which  is  enclosed  with  an  iron  paling 
one  mile  two  hundred  and  seventeen  yards  in  len^*.' 
About  the  centre  of  the  Common  is  a  small  1, 
which  contains  two  fountains,   capable  of  throwing 
the  water  into  a  variety  of  fantastic  shapes  to  th^ 
height  of  about  one  hundred  feet.    Near  this  spot 
stands  a  majestic  elm,  which  has  withstood  the  storms 
of  more  than  a  hmidred  winteiB.      Ife   branches 
spread  more  than  eighty  feet,  (which  are  now  sup- 
ported by  iron  braces)  it  is  sixty-five  feet  high,  and 
ite  g.rth  near  the  ground  nearly  twenty-two  feet 

Charlestown  is  connoeted  with  Boston  by  a  bridge 
SIX  thousand  one  hmidred  and  ninety  feet  in  lengft 
which  cost  upwards  of  $76,000.  The  first  time  I 
2^  Charlestown,  I  spent  the  day  going  through 
the  Navy  Yard,  and  visitmg  the  Bunker  Hill  Menu- 
6 


60 


A  PEEP  AT 


ment.  The  Navy  Yard  is  about  one  mile  long,  and 
contains  one  hundred  acres.  On  the  side  nearest  the 
town,  the  Yard  is  enclosed  by  a  stone  wall  sixteen 
feet  high,  and  on  the  water  side  a  wall  extends  the 
whole  length  of  the  Yard,  embracing  several  wharves 
and  a  dry  dock.  This  dock  was  commenced  in  1827, 
and  opened  for  the  reception  of  vessels  in  1833.  It 
is  constructed  entirely  of  beautifully  hewn  granite, 
and  will  contain  a  ship  of  the  largest  class ;  it  is  three 
Hundred  and  !forty-one  feet  long,  eighty  feet  wide,  and 
thurty  deep,  and  cost  about  675,000  dollars.  In 
this  Yard  is  a  rope-walk,  built  of  granite,  which  is  said 
to  be  the  longest  and  most  perfect  in  the  world.  It  is 
one  thousand  three  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  length. 
All  thu  cordage  used  in  the  United  States  Navy  is 
manufactured  here  by  machinery.  In  this  Yard  are 
two  lineo-f-battle  ships,  the  Virginia  and  Vermont,  on 
the  stocks,  the  former  of  which  was  built  during  the 
last  war.  Within  the  yard  are  ship-houses,  various 
machine  shops,  carpenters'  shops,  stores,  dwelling- 
houses  for  the  officers,  and  n  irine  barracks.  In  the 
en^e-house  are  the  pumps  tor  pumpmg  out  the  dry 
dock;  these  pumps  are  so  capacious  that  twelve 
hogsheads  of  water  are  said  to  be  thrown  off  at  one 
stroke,  and  the  time  occupied  in  pumping  out  the 
dock  is  about  six  hours. 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


6X 


The  Bunker  Hill  Monument  is  two  hundred  and 
twenty-one  feet  high.  The  hill  on  which  the  monu- 
ment stands  is  called  Breed's  Hill ;  the  hill  a  little 
beyond  is  Bunker  Hill.  Orders  were  given  to  fortify 
Bunker  Hill,  but  Breed's  Hill  was  fortified,  and  the 
battle  fought  thereon  the  17th  of  June,  1775.  The 
redoubts  and  entrenchments  which  sheltered  the  men 
of  that  sanguinary  conflict  are  now  levelled  with  the 
dust.  On  that  bloody  day  four  hundred  and  forty- 
nine  Americans,  and  one  thousand  and  fifty-five 
British  soldiers,  were  slain.  The  town  was  burnt  by 
the  British  on  the  same  day. 

The  monument  is  composed  of  granite,  and  has 
been  erected  to  point  out  the  spot  where  was  fought 
the  most  memorable  battle  during  the  whole  struggle 
for  independence.  The  comer  stone  of  this  obelisk 
was  laid  on  the  17th  of  June,  1825,  by  the  illustrious 
Frenchman  La  Fayette  ;  for  want  of  funds,  however, 
the  building  was  not  completed  till  1842.  On  the 
17th  of  June,  1843,  a  celebration  in  honor  of  its  com- 
pletion was  held,  upon  which  occasion  the  President 
of  the  United  States  (John  Tyler)  and  all  his 
Cabinet  were  present.  The  Hon.  Daniel  Webster 
delivered  an  address  to  the  great  assemblage.  The 
following  is  the  inscription  upon  the  two  guns  in  the 


I  '< 


52 


A  PEEP  AT 


i^ 


top   of  the    monument  —  the     "  Hancock  "    and 
"Adams": —  ^ 

^Sacred  to  Liberty. 

Thia  is  oxio  of  four  cannons  whicls  constituted 

The  whole  train  of  field  A  r  j;  .'ery 

Possessed  by  the  British  Colonies  of 

Nortli  An'flrica, 

At  tho  comment  oment  of  the 

War, 

On  tljie  I'Mi  ov:  April,  1776. 

'.i*  tr..;  caation 

Ani^  Its  fellow, 

Belonging  to  a  number  of  Citizens  of 

Boston, 

Ti'^cre  used  in  many  engagements 

During  the  War. 

The  other  two,  the  property  of  the 

Government  of  Massachusetts, 

"Were  taken  by  the  enemy. 

By  order  of  the  United  States, 

In  Congress  assembled, 

May  19th,  1788. 

"  Let  that  be/*  F^id  Elihu  Burritt,  pointing  to  the 
monument,  "  the  grave-stone  of  all  American  war." 

The  town  of  Charlestown  and  Charles  ri\er  are 
so  called  in  honor  of  Charles  I.,  the  reigning  sovereign 
of  England  at  the  tune  of  ii;  settlement.    Accort>Iii!» 


UNCLE   SAM'S   FABM. 


58 


to  the  census  of  1860,  it  contains  a  population  of 
iilieen  thousand  eight  hundred.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  Vade  and  manufactures. 

At  Charlestown,  a  large  business  is  done  in  the  ice 
trade,  which  first  commenced  at  this  place  in  1803. 
Cargoes  of  this  export  are  sent  to  the  Southern 
States,  the  West  Indies,  South  Am^^rica,  and  to 
England  and  the  East  Indies.  In  1850,  the  exports 
amounted  to  55,000  tons;  the  value  of  the  ice 
exported  from  the  United  States  in  1849  was  $95,- 
000.  About  15,000  tons  of  ice  are  annually  used 
in  Boston  and  its  vicinity.  This  ice  is  brought  to 
Charlestown  by  railroad,  from  ponds  at  Cambridge, 
Watertown,  and  Lexington,  towns  in  the  vicinity  of 
Boston.  At  Watertown,  large  brick  buildings  are 
erected  near  the  pond  for  storing  the  ice.  The  ice  is 
cut  and  taken  from  the  pond  by  machinery ;  three 
hundred  horses,  and  a  greater  number  of  men,  are 
employed  about  it.  A  great  quantity  of  ice  is  also 
exported  from  Salem,  where  it  is  brought  from 
Wenham,  a  town  which  formerly  formed  part  of 
Salem.  The  following  is  a  short  account  of  the  man- 
ner of  cutting  and  preserving  the  ice  at  this  place  for 
exportation :  — 

"  The  ice-house  is  built  of  wood,  with  double  walls 
6* 


54 


A  PEEP  AT 


all  around,  the  space  between  which  is  filled  with 
saw-dust,  thus  interposing  a  medium  that  is  a  non- 
conductor of  heat  between  the  ice  and  the  external 
air ;  the  consequence  of  which  is,  that  the  ice  is 
entirely  unaffected  by  any  condition  or  temperature 
of  the  external  atmosphere,  and  can  be  preserved 
without  waste  for  any  indefinite  time. 

"  The  machinery  employed  for  cutting  the  ice  is 
very  curious,  and  is  worked  by  men  and  horses,  in  the 
following  manner :  From  the  tin\e  when  the  ice  first 
forms,  it  is  carefully  kept  free  from  snow  until  it  is 
thick  enough  to  cut ;  that  process  commences  when 
the  ice  is  a  foot  thick.  A  surface  of  some  two  acres 
is  then  selected,  which,  at  that  thickness,  will  furnish 
about  two  thousand  tons ;  and  a  straight  line  is  drawn 
through  its  centre  from  side  to  side  each  way.  A 
small  hand-plough  is  pushed  along  one  of  those  lines, 
until  the  groove  is  about  three  inches  deep,  and  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  width,  when  the  *  marker '  is 
introduced.  This  instrument  is  drawn  by  two  horses. 
And  makes  two  new  grooves,  parallel  with  the  first, 
from  twenty  to  forty  inches  apart,  the  gauge  remain- 
ing in  the  original  groove.  The  marker  is  then 
shifted  to  the  outside  groove,  and  makes  two  more. 
Having  drawn  these  lines  over  the  whole  surface  in 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


65 


one  direction,  the  same  process  is  repeated  in  a  trans- 
verse direction,  marking  all  the  ice  out  into  squares. 
In  the  mean  time,  the  *  plough,'  drawn  by  a  single 
horse,  is  following  in  these  grooves,  cutting  the  ice  to 
a  depth  of  six  inches.  One  entire  range  of  blocks  is 
then  sawn  out,  and  the  remainder  are  split  off  toward 
the  opening  thus  made  with  an  iron  bar.  The  bar  is 
shaped  like  a  spade,  and  of  a  wedge-like  form.  When 
it  is  dropped  into  the  groove  the  block  splits  oiF,  a 
very  slight  blow  being  sufficient  to  produce  that  effect, 
especially  in  very  cold  weather.  The  labor  of 
*  splitting  *  is  light  or  otherwise,  according  to  the 
temperature  of  the  atmosphere.  *  Platforms,'  or 
low  tables  of  frame-work,  are  placed  near  the  opening 
made  in  the  ice,  with  iron  slides  extending  into  the 
water,  and  a  man  stands  on  each  side  of  this  slide, 
armed  with  an  ice-hook.  With  this  hook  the  ice  is 
caught,  and  by  a  sudden  jerk  thrown  up  the  filide  on 
to  the  platform.  In  a  cold  day  every  thing  is  speedily 
covered  with  ice,  by  the  freezing  of  the  water  on  the 
platforms,  slides,  &c. ;  and  the  enormous  blocks  of  ice, 
weighing,  some  of  them,  more  than  three  hundred 
pounds,  are  hurled  along  these  slippery  surfaces  as  if 
they  were  without  weight.  Forty  men  and  twelve 
horses  will  cut  and  stow  away  four  hundred  tons 


56 


A  PEEP  AT 


i 


a  day ;  in  favorable  weathe  ,  one  hundred  men  are 
sometimes  employed  at  once  .      ^  thaw  or  a  fall 

of  rain  occurs,  it  entirely  aiitits  Liie  *ce  for  market,  by 
rendering  it  opaque  and  :  I'ous;  and  occasionally  snow 
is  immediately  folio  we  by  rain,  and  that  again  by 
frost,  forming  snow-ice,  which  is  valueless,  unu  zmitt 
be  removed  by  the  *  plane.'  The  operation  of 
planing  is  similar  io  that  of  cutting. 

"  In  addition  to  filling  their  ice-houses  at  the  lake 
and  in  the  lap^o  towns,  the  company  fill  a  large  num- 
ber of  private  ice-houses  during  the  winter,  all  the  ice 
for  these  purposes  be'iDg  transported  by  railway.  It 
will  easily  be  believed  that  the  expense  <  t  providing 
tools,  building  houses,  furnishing  labor,  and  construct- 
ing and  keeping  up  tht  rjdlway  is  very  great ;  but  the 
traffic  is  so  extensive,  and  the  management  of  the 
trade  so  good,  that  the  ice  can  be  furbished  at  a  vei ^ 
trifling  expense." 

At  South  Boston,  for  th(  <irst  t-'^ae,  I  f  '  my  friond 
and  talented  countryman,  the  Rev.  Jc  eph  H.  Clinch, 
A.  M.,  Rector  of  St.  Matthe  ni  Church ;  ^  e  is  one  '' 
the  most  eminent  ministera  belonging  to  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  America.  Mr.  Clinch  i*'  at  ^^resent  en- 
gaged in  writing  on  the  origin  of  lai;«  '^ig  ,  a  work 
involving  immense  labor  and  researck.     vn©  of  the 


UNCLE   SAM'S   FARM. 


m 


most  interesting  inp*itutions  I  ever  visited  was  the 
Institution  for  the  Blind,  at  South  Boston.     On  the 
elevation  where  this  huilding  stands,  Gen.  Washington 
<itationed  his  troops  immediately  preceding  the  evacu- 
ation of  Boston  hy  the  British ;  some  of  the  fortifica- 
tions  are  still  seen  near  the   asylum.     I  was  quite 
delighted  by  what  I  saw  and  heard  at  tins  institution. 
It  was  truly  astonishing  to  see  and  hear  girls  and  boys, 
perfectly  blind,  reading,  wnting,  cyphering,  playing 
musical  in  struments,  and  accr     .ely  describing  the 
most  wonderful  discoveries  of  science.     In  this  insti- 
tution I    iw  Laura  Bridgman,  who  is  dectf,  dumb  and 
blind.    Her  sensibilities  y/ere  deeply  moved  when  the 
account  of  the  Irish  famine  in  1847  was  communica. 
ted  tf>  her        he  set  to  work  immediately,  and  plied 
her  f^ri   >m  uigU  and  day,  until  she  finishod  a  pieOQ 
<4  h  duuful     mb^  idery,  which  was  sold  for  a  barrel 
of  flour,  ai...    ha*  barrel  of  flour  was  shipped  on 
hoard  the   "  Jameitown,"   to    assist  the  famishing 

Ir.dh  in  1847. 

*'  She  was  boi  a  in  Hano^  New  Hampshire,  T><^^> 
21st,  1829,  and  is  descri^  I  as  having  been  a 
s|  ightly  and  pretty  child  j  bt  during  her  infancy  sh(^ 
was  deprived  by  a  violent  stroke  i  disease  at  once  of 
sight  and  hearing  *  nor  was  it  intu  four  yeai    of  age 


58 


A  PEEP  AT 


that  her  bodily  health  seemed  restored,  so  that  she 

was  able  <^o  enter  upon  her  apprenticeship  of  life  and 

the  world.     She   grew  up  in  the   siuiplo  mountain 

home  where  she  was  born,  '^  til  she  was  nearly  eight 

years  old,  when  her  case  reached  the  ears  of  Dr. 

Howe,  the  director  of  the  institution  for  the  blind,  in 

Boston,  who  immediately  hastened  to  Hanover  to  see 

her.     He  found  her  with  a  well-formed  figure,  a 

strongly  marked  nervous-sanguine    temperament,  a 

well  shaped  head,  and  with  the  whole  system  in 

healthy  action.     Her  parents  were  easily  induced  to 

consent  to  her  coming  to  Boston,  because  she  was 

growing  unmanageable,  and  because  they  could  not 

make  her  understand  their  wishes  or  her  duties ;  and 

in  1837  they  brought  her  to  the  institutiun.     It  was 

ascertained  bey  )nd  the  possibility  of  doubt  that  she 

could  not  see  a  ray  of  light,  could  not  hear  the  least 

sound,  and  never  exercised  her  sense  of  smell,  if  she 

had  any.   No  instruction  had  been  given  her,  nor  had 

anybody  conceived  the  practicability  of  penetrating 

within   the  dark  cell  which  enclosed  her  mind,  for 

there  was  no  case  upon  the  records  of  history  where 

the  attempt  had  been  successful ;  but  on  the  contrary, 

the  vain  case  of  Julia  Bruce,  at  the  institution  of  the 

deaf  and  dumb,  in  Hartford,  seemed  to  make  it  hope- 


UNCLE  SAM'S   FABM. 


69 


less.  It  is  impossible,  in  our  brief  space,  to  describe 
the  humane  and  persevering  care,  inspired  by  the 
I  ghest  genius,  which  has  since  presided  over  her  edu- 
cation, and  gradually  opened  to  her  mind,  through  her 
solitary  sense  of  touch,  the  light  of  knowledge.  She 
has  been  taught  the  manual  alphabet  of  the  deaf 
mutes,  and  now  converses  by  these  signs  with  wonder- 
ful rapidity.  She  receives  the  communications  of 
others  on  the  palm  of  her  hand,  while  her  own  words 
seem  to  fly  from  the  points  of  her  fingers  like  electri- 
cal sparks.  She  now  reads  with  fluency  the  books 
printed  in  the  raised  character  for  the  blind,  and 
writes  with  ease." 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  last  report  of 
Dr.  Howe :  — 


1>R0GRBSS  OP   LAURA    BRIDGMAN. 

"  Her  progress  has  been  a  curious  and  an  interest- 
ing spectacle.  She  has  come  into  .human  society 
with  a  sort  of  triumphal  march  ;  her  course  has  been 
a  perpetual  ovation.  Thousands  have  been  watching 
her  with  eager  eyes,  and  applauding  each  successful 
step,  while  she,  all  unconscious  of  their  gaze,  holding 
on  to  the  slender  thread,  and  feeling  her  way  along, 
has  advanced  with  fjuth  and  courage  towards  those 


60 


A  PEKP  AT 


wbo  awaited  her  with   trembling  hope.      Nothing 
shows  more  than  her  case  the  importance  which, 
despite  their  useless  waste  of  human  life  and  human 
capacity,  men  really  attach  to  a  human  soul.    They 
owe  to  her  something  for  furnishing  an  opportunity  of 
showing  how  much  of  goodness  there  is  m  them ;  for 
surely  the  way  in  which  she  has  been  reorarded  is 
creditable  to  humanity.     Perhaps  there  are  not  three 
living  women  whose  names  are  more  widely  known 
than  her's ;  and  there  is  not  one  who  has  excited  so 
much  sympathy  and  interest.     There  are  thousands 
of  women  in  the  world  who  are  striving  to  attract  its 
notice  and  gain  its  admiration.— cjome  by  the  natural 
magic  of  beauty  and  grace,  some  by  the  high  nobility 
of  talent,  some  by  the  lower  nobility  of  rank  and  title, 
some  by  the  vulgar  show  of  wealth  ;  but  none  of  them 
has  done  it  so  effectually  as  tins  poor  blind,  deaf,  and 
dumb  girl,  by  the  silent  show  of  her  misfortunes,  and 
her  successful  efforts  to  surmount  them. 

"  The  treatment  she  has  recei .  3d  shows  something 
of  human  progress,  too  ;  for  the  time  was  when  a  child, 
bereaved  of  senses,  as  she  is,  would  have  been  regard- 
ed as  a  monster,  and  treated  as  a  burden  and  a  curse^ 
even  among  the  most  civilized  people  of  the  world ; 
she  would,  perhaps,  have  been  thrown  into  the  river, 


UNCLE   SAM'b   1)"ABM. 


61 


or  exposed  upon  tho  mountain  to  wild  beasts.  But 
now  there  are  millions  of  people  by  whom  it  is  recog- 
nized as  a  duty  and  esteemed  as  a  privilege  to  protect 
and  cherish  her,  or  any  one  in  the  like  situation. 

"  There  is  something,  perhaps,  in  the  rarity  of  such 
cases  of  manifold  bereavement — something  in  the  fact 
that  she  is  the  first  person  who  ever  came  out  of 
such  a  dark  and  silent  prison  to  tell  us  plainly  of  its 
condition  ^ — something  of  pride  in  the  proof  which  she 
gives  of  the  native  power  of  the  human  soul ;  but  still, 
bating  all  this,  the  amount  of  tender  sympathy  in  her 
misfortunes,  and  of  the  real  attempt  to  lighten  them, 
which  has  been  shown  by  thousands  of  sensitive  hearts, 
is  mos*i  gratifying  to  reflect  upon. 

"  Laura's  present  state. 

"  At  the  period  when  the  last  mention  was  made  of 
her  in  our  Annual  Report,  she  had  gained  a  sufficient 
knowledge  of  language  to  converse  freely  by  means  of 
the  finger  alphabet,  on  all  top' ,  >  which  would  be  under- 
stood by  girls  generally  of  twelve  years  old.  She  had 
begun  to  come  into  relation  with  a  variety  of  persons ; 
with  the  teachers  and  pupils  in  the  school  for  the 
blind,  all  of  whom  could  converse  rapidly  and  easy 
with  her.  She  had  become  intimate  with  several 
6 


m 


\ 


62 


A  PEEP  AT 


)  ! 


inbtructed  deaf  mutes,  and  had  formed  quite  an  exten- 
sive circle  of  acquaintance,  with  ladies  for  the  most 
part,  who  had  taken  pains  to  learn  the  manual  alpha- 
bet, and  with  whom  she  was  very  fond  of  talking. 

"  These  influences  were  found  to  be  favorable  to 
the  development  of  her  character,  and  she  was  left  to 
them.  I  thought  it  better  to  pursue  this  course  than 
keep  her  as  strictly  under  the  influence  of  her  teach- 
er's mind  as  she  had  been  in  the  early  period  of  her 
instruction.  She  needed,  however,  and  has  continued 
to  have,  special  instruction.  Miss  Sarah  White  has 
continued  to  give  all  her  time  and  attention  to  her 
education.  She  has  been  to  her  a  constant  com- 
panion, friend,  teacher  and  exemplar.  She  has 
devoted  herself  to  Laura  for  years,  by  day  and  by 
night,  in  health  and  in  sickness,  in  joy  and  in  sorrow, 
with  zeal,  patience,  and  discretion,  and  has  had  a 
wholesome  influence  upon  her  mmd,  heart  and 
character. 

"I  can  claim  no  other  credit  for  the  improvement 
which  Laura  has  made  in  latter  years  than  that  of 
securing  for  her  such  a  teacher.  If  she  is  short- 
coming of  any  natural  qualification  for  the  task  which 
she  undertook  at  my  urgent  request,  I  can  only  say, 
on  the  other  hand,  it  wculd  be  very  hard  to  find  any 


UNCLE  SAM'b  FARM. 


6S 


one  who  possesses  so  many  natural  and  acquired  qual- 
ifications for  so  novel  and  arduous  an  undertaking. 
Her  success  has  been  great.  She  has  done  far  better 
than  I  could  have  done.  Her  gentleness  and  equa- 
nimity of  temper  have  tended  to  keep  her  pupil  in  that 
happy  mean  between  excesses  of  feeling,  to  which 
persons  .of  her  temperament  are  constitutionally 
disposed. 

"  Laura  loves  her  and  respects  her,  and  makes  no 
severer  criticism  upon  her  than  the  playful  one  in  the 
following  extract  from  her  little  diary : — 

"  *  I  had  a  very  pleasant  day.  I  have  been  very 
hilarious.  I  could  not  help  laughing  incessantly.  My 
mind  is  very  full  of  drollery  and  mirthfulness.  I  wish 
that  my  dear  teacher  would  have  a  little  share  of  my 
mirthfulness.  She  does  not  like  fun  as  well  as  I  do 
—I  love  fun  so  much, 

"  *  As  I  was  very  busily  engaged  at  eleren  o'clock, 
I  was  agreeably  interrupted  by  some  circumstances 
which  occurred  so  unexpectedly.  It  was  [the 
entrance  of]  one  of  my  dear  friends,  Miss  E.  R.,  the 
sister  of  my  old  teacher.  She  took  my  dirty  right 
hand,  greeting  me  very  warmly — who  wore  gloves. 

"*I  asked  her  how  she  liked  our  sur  iy  home  ; 
she  said  she  admired  it  very  much.     She  surveyed  it 


64 


A  PEEP  AT 


with  much  interest.  She  asked  mc  whose  the  boquet 
of  flowers  were.  I  assuredly  told  her  that  they 
belonged  to  Miss  W.  She  returned  that  they  smelt 
very  fragrantly  and  delicious.  E.  altered  her  mind 
at  length,  as  she  could  not  stay  as  long  as  she  [had] 
hoped.* 

"  The  words  included  between  brackets  are  added ; 
the  rest  is  an  exact  coipy  fpunctuatim  et  literatim^  from 
her  diary,  which  she  writes  in  a  legible  hand." 


I  have  visited  Cambridge  twice.  Cambridge  com- 
prises, Cambridge  Port,  Old  Cambridge,  West  Cam- 
bridge, and  East  Cambridge,  which  are  connected  with 
Boston  by  several  bridges.  When  I  was  crossing  the 
bridge  to  East  Cambridge,  in  the  month  of  August 
last,  I  observed  the  American  flag  flying  at  the  top  of 
a  gigantic  chimney,  belonging  to  the  Cambridge 
glass  works,  which  had  just  been  finished.  It  is  240 
feet  high,  which  is  twenty  feet  higher  than  the  Bunker 
Hill  monument ;  its  form  is  an  octagon,  and  erected  of 
brick,  upon  a  massive  granite  foundation  of  thirty  feet 
in  diameter.  It  was  two  u^a  a  half  months  in  process 
of  erection  ;  800,000  bricks  and  100  cubic  yards  of 
granite  were  used  in  its  erection  ;  it  is  said  to  be  the 
tallest  chimney  in  the  United  States. 


UNCLE   SAM'S   FARM. 


66 


Cambridge  is  a  celebrated:  place  in  American  His- 
tory ;  it  was  called  Newton  in  1630,  and  in  1638  it  was 
called  Cambridge  in  honor  of  the  principal  inhabitants, 
most  of  whom  were  from  Cambridge  in  England.  In 
this  town  "Washington  became  commander-in-chief.  It 
was  the  head-quarters  of  the  American  army  during 
the  Revolution.  On  Cambridge  common  is  the 
Washington  elm,  under  which  Washington  is  said  to 
have  stood  while  his  commission  was  proclaimed  to 
the  army  of  twenty  thousand  men.  The  original 
external  appearance  of  the  "  Craigie  House  "  is  still 
preserved,  which  Washington  occupied.  In  this  town 
the  first  printing  press  was  established  in  America  by 
Stephen  Day,  in  1639.  A  great  variety  of  manufac- 
tures are  carried  on  in  the  various  parts  of  Cambridge. 

Old  Cambridge  is  the  seat  of  Harvard  University, 
which  is  the  oldest  in  the  United  States.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1638,  and  named  Harvard  College,  in 
honor  of  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  its  principal  founder. 
The  principal  College  Buildings  are :  University  Hall, 
built  of  granite,  contaming  a  chapel,  lecture  rooms, 
dining  halls,  &c. ;  Harvard  Hall,  a  brick  edifice,  con- 
taining a  library,  philosophical  apparatus,  and  minera- 
logical  cabinet;  six  oih-^-  hjge  brick  buildings,  each 
four  stories  high,  an*!  the  JUbrary,  an  elegant  granite 
6* 


I 


66 


A  PEEP  AT 


1 1 


edifice.  The  library  is  the  largest  in  the  Union,  and 
contains  more  than  57,000  volumes,  besides  pamphlets, 
newspapers,  and  maps.  The  Law  Library  contains 
18,000  volumes ;  the  Divinity  School  Library,  8000 
volumes;  the  Medical  Library,  1200.  Different 
societies  connected  with  the  College  have  libraries 
amounting  ta^bout  10,000  volumes.  The  president, 
ihe  Hon.  Jared  Sparks,  LL.  D.,  very  kindly  oiFered 
me  the  use  of  any  volume  which  the  library  contained. 
In  the  library  I  saw  several  old  works  on  Newfound- 
land, written  by  Whiteburn  and  others.  Cambridge 
is  about  three  miles  from  Boston,  and  contains  a 
population  of  upwards  of  14,000. 

West  Cambridge  is  a  great  market  for  cattle  from 
the  interior  country.  The  following  is  the  number  for 
sale  in  the  market  on  Wednesday,  October  2d,  1850 : 

At  market  3361  cattle  —  about  1361  beeves  and 
2000  stores  —  consisting  of  working  oxen,  cows  and 
calves,  yearlings,  twc  and  three  years  old. 

Prices :  Market  Beef—  extra  $6.12  1-2  per  cwt. 

first  quality  $5.37 — second  ditto,  $5.50 —  third  ditto 
$6  —  ordinary,  $3  to  $4.50. 

HMes,  $5  per  cwt.  —  Tallow,  $5.50. 

Stores— Working  0-en,  $63,   |T0,  $85  to  $97. 

Cows  md  Calves,  $18,  $27  to  $35. 


\> 


UNCLE   SAM'S   FARM. 


67 


Yearlings,  $7,  $10  to  $12. 

Two  years  old,  $10,  $15  to  $22. 

Three  years  old,  $16,  $20,  $28  to  $30. 

Sheep  and  lambs — 4630  at  market,  nearly  all  sold. 
Prices:  extra,  $3,  $4  to  $6.  By  lot,  $1.50, 
$1.75,  $2.25  to  $2.75. 

Swine  —  retail,  $5  to  $6. 

Seventy-six  cars  came  over  the  Fitchburg  railroad, 
and  eighty-four  over  the  Boston  and  Lowell  railroad, 
loaded  with  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  swine,  and  fowls. 
Number  from  each  State  :  — 


Sheep  and 


Maine, 

New  Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

New  York, 

Canada, 

Total, 


Cattle. 

Lambs. 

Swine. 

Horses. 

1987 

635 

6i^ 

95 

2300 

1685 

645 

16 
12 

25 

180 

, 

30 

3361        4630 


155 


67 


There  have  been  at  this  market  during  the  year 
ending  October  22d,  1850,  56,144  cattle,  of  which 
about  28,814  were  beeves,  and  27,330  were  stores  ; 
consisting  of  working  oxen,  cows  and  calves,  yearlings, 
two  and  three  years  old.     There  have  also  been  at 


y  \ 


68 


i  I 


A  PEEP  AT 


market  168,204  sheep  and  lambs,  7,678  swme,  1,246 
horses,  and  a  large  number  of  fowls  and  veal  calves, 
not  numerically  calculated. 

Since  the  first  of  last  January  (less  than  ten 
months)  2,843  cars  have  come  over  the  Fitchburg 
railroad,  and  1,447  over  the  Boston  and  Lowell 
railroad,  loaded  with  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  swine  and 
fowls.    Number  from  each  State,  during  the  year: — 


Cattle. 

Sheep 
and  Lambs. 

Swine.   Horses. 

Maine, 

17,233 

14,066 

24 

New  Hampshire, 

13,411 

48,371 

16    69 

Vermont, 

17,914 

88,446 

1381  418 

Massachussetts, 

5,749 

14,667 

431  237 

New  York, 

611 

1,043 

6733    16 

Canada, 

1,326 

1,686 

482 

Ohio, 

118 

Total. 


56,144  168,204  7678  1246 


The  Market  is  situated  within  four  miles  of  Bos- 
ton. Operations  were  commenced  about  one  year 
ago ;  since  which  time  it  has  increased  in  business 
and  importance  with  unexampled  rapidity.  It  con- 
tains one  hundred  and  eighty-eight  yards  for  the 
accommodation  of  cattle  and  sheep,  one  hundred  and 
thirty-seven  of  which  have  been  built  the  present 


%P 


"%} 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


69 


season,  with  convenient  lanes  leading  to  all  of  them  ; 
the  whole  covering  an  a*  of  twelve  or  fourteen 
acres.  The  yards  are  ali  free,  no  charge  ever  having 
been  made  for  the  use  of  any  of  them.  The  Fitch- 
burg  Railroad,  which  connects  with  the  Vermont  and 
Massachusetts,  the  Cheshire,  the  Rutland  and  Bur- 
lington, the  Sullivan,  Central,  Ogdensburg,  and  the 
Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Railroads,  passes  through 
these  yards.  By  means  of  these  roads,  cattle,  &c., 
are  brought  from  Canada,  New  York,  all  parts  of 
Vermont,  from  New  Ham  ^shire,  and  Massachusetts, 
and  landed  from  the  cars  direct  into  the  yards.  The 
Fitchburg  Railroad  Corporation  have  now  nearly 
completed  two  side  tracks  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  cattle  trains,  where  they  will  be  able  to  run  off 
the  main  track  about  ninety  cars,  which  can  remain 
there  until  wanted. 

The  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad,  which  connects 
with  the  Northern  and  several  other  railroads,  lead- 
ing through  the  different  sections  of  New  Hampshire, 
has  a  spacious  cattle  depot  at  Somerville,  within  two 
hundred  rods  of  the  market,  with  an  extensive  "'de 
track  for  running  off  the  caHle  trains  from  the  main 
track  ;  and  all  other  requisite  conveniences  for  land- 
ing and  yarding  the  cattle,  sheep,  &c. 


II 


70 


A  PEEi*  AT 


Great  quantities  of  ^cmt  ana  vegetables  are  culti- 
vated at  W  st  Cambridge  for  the  Boston  market. 
George  Pierce  has  nineteen  acres  of  his  farm  devoted 
to  the  raising  of  vegetables  expressly  for  the  Boston 
market.  Mr.  Pierce's  average  weekly  sales  of  vege- 
tables for  nine  mouths  in  1849,  were  as  follows :  — 

March,  {49 

April,  50 

May,  80 

June,  90 

July,  140 

August,  139 


September, 

October, 

November, 


140 

180 

39 


The  total  cash  rot -^'pt^j  for  the  sale  of  fruits  and 
vegetablos  for  1849,  were  as  follows ;  — 

Peaches, 

Porter  Apples, 

Pears, 

Greening  Apples, 

Baldwin      do.     (windfalls,) 

80  bbls.      do.    (picked,) 


IJ691 
149 
2 

12 

^6 

186 


$997 
Total  vegetables  of  all  kinds,     2,629 


ulti- 
ket. 
)ted 
Bton 
3ge- 


and 


UNrLE  SAM'S  FARM.  ^ 

The  farmers  of  Massachusetts  in  general  pi  er 
cultivar  ig  Indian  corn  instead  of  wheat,  as  the  corn 
gives  a  greater  i  rofit.  Ii.dian  corn  will  yield  from 
fifty  to  one  hundred  bushels  to  the  acre,  besides  a 
large  amount  of  fodder  for  cattle  j  when  it  gf^en,  as 
many  as  twelve  tons  to  the  acre  of  the  best  focier  for 
cattle  has  been  obtained. 

About  one  mile  west  of  Cambridge  U  .oity  is 
Mount  Auburn  Cemetery  —  the  magnifit        monu- 

mtal  "city  of  the  dead."  The  Cemetery  com- 
prises 110  aci  and  was  consecrated  in  1831.  It 
is  enclosed  witu  a  massive  iron  fence  about  ten  feet 
high.  In  the  centre  is  a  lofty  entrance-gate  con- 
structed of  granite,  which  cost  upwards  of  $10,000. 
It  is  beautifully  laid  out  in  gravel  walks,  shaded  with 
almost  every  variety  of  trees  and  flowers.  Lots  of 
ground  are  laid  out  as  family  burial  places  at  equal 
distances,  between  which  are  beautiful  pathways 
fringed  with  flowers.  Numerous  costly  marble  pillars 
and  monuments  burst  upon  the  view  ^i  every  direc- 
tion amid  the  foliage,  which  add  *  the  beauty  and 
grandeur  of  the  scene.  The  avenues  and  paths  are 
named  thus,  ''  Willow  Avenue,"  <'  Myrtle  Path,"  &c. 

In  front  of  **  Central  Square "  is  a  monument 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


.-       '^,X 


\ 


A<^ 


72 


A  PEEP  AT 


bearing  the  siirple  inscription  of  Hannah  Adams, 
"  first  tenant  of  Mount  Auburn." 

The  Cemetery  has  a  beautiful  granite  chapel  in  the 
Gothic  style  of  architecture,  measuring  sixty-six  feet 
by  forty,  and  about  eighty  feet  high.  The  exterior 
is  surrounded  with  a  row  of  octagonal  buttresses  and 
pinnacles.  All  the  windows  are  of  stamed  glass, 
with  emblematic  designs.  The  first  and  only  time 
that  I  visited  this  Cemetery  was  a  few  days  after 
the  interment  of  the  unfortunate  Dr.  Webster,  who 
was  executed  in  Boston  on  the  30th  of  August  last, 
for  the  murder  of  Dr.  George  Parkman. 

The  following  is  the  inscription  upon  the  monument 
on  the  lot  owned  by  Prof.  John  W.  Webster,  on  the 
Narcissus  Path,  Mount  Auburn :  — 

"  Angel  of  death !  did  no  presaging  signs 

Announce  thy  coming,  and  thy  way  prepare  ? 
No  warning  voice,  no  harbinger  was  thine  — 

Danger  and  fear  seemed  past  —  hut  thou  wer't  there ! 
Prophetic  sounds  along  the  earthquake's  path  — 

Foretell  the  hour  of  Nature's  awful  throes ; 
And  the  volcano,  ere  it  bursts  in  wrath. 

Sends  forth  some  herald  from  its  dread  repose ; 
But  thou,  dark  Spirit !  swift  and  unforeseen, 
Cam'st  like  the  lightning's  flash,  when  heaven  was  all  serene." 


A  cold  shiver  came  over  me  as  I  passed  the  jail- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


78 


yard  while  the  people  were  assembling  to  witness  the 
execution  of  Professor  Webster.  Who  can  contemr 
plate  it  without  a  shudder,  to  think  of  a  fellow-being 
sent  into  the  eternal  world,  in  the  full  possession  of 
his  physical  and  mental  energies,  for  the  awful  crime 
of  murder  ?  Very  able  arguments  have  been  adduced 
for  and  against  Capital  Punishments  ;  my  own  views 
are  decidedly  against  Capital  Punishments.  In  the 
State  of  Michigan  the  abolition  of  the  Death  Penalty 
works  well  where  it  has  been  tried  for  several  years ; 
and  in  the  convention  which  was  held  during  the  past 
year  for  revising  the  Constitution,  there  was  nearly  a 
unanimous  opinion  in  favor  of  the  law  as  it  stands, 
which  has  abolished  the  gallows.  The  trial  of  Dr. 
Webster  excited  a  deeper  interest  in  the  public  mind 
than  any  trial  which  has  taken  place  in  the  United 
States  for  many  years.  The  following  brief  sketch 
of  Professor  Webster  is  taken  from  one  of  the  Boston 
newspapers  published  on  the  morning  of  hi?  execu- 
tion. 

"  John  W.  Webster  was  the  son  of  Dr.-Kedford 
Webster,  at  one  time  a  member  of  our  State  Legis- 
lature ;  he  was  a  man  of  considerable  wealth  and 
great  respectability.  John  W.  was  bom  in  this  city, 
about  the  year  1788.  He  rec  i/ed  a  most  liberal 
7 


i 


74 


A  PEEP  AT 


education,  and  adopted  the  profession  of  medicine, 
but  finally  devoted  his  studies  and  time  to  subjects 
more  congenial  to  his  tastes  —  geology,  mineralogy, 
philosophy  and  the  arts.  In  1823,  or  *24,  he  trav- 
elled in  England  and  Scotland,  in  company  with  Fro> 
fessor  Boue,  of  Paris ;  then  visited  the  gay  metrop- 
olis of  France,  and  afterwards  went  to  the  Azores. 
At  the  latter  place  he  resided  for  some  considerable 
time,  and  on  his  return  home  published  an  interest- 
ing and  valuable  work  on  the  geology  of  the  Azore 
Islands.  A  valuable  collection  of  minerals,  which 
he  had  procured  in  his  travels,  he  sold  to  Harvard 
College  for  eight  thousand  dollars.  He  edited,  for 
a  time,  the  Boston  Journal  of  Philosophy  and  Arts. 
"In  1837  he  was  elected  Erving  Professor  of 
Chemistry,  Natural  Philosophy,  Mineralogy  ftnd  Geol- 
ogy, in  the  Umversity  at  Cambridge.  This  honor- 
able post  he  obtained,  it  is  said,  through  some  peculiar 
partiality  shown  him  ;  and  he  was  indebted  much  to 
the  friendship  and  assistance  of  Br.  George  Park- 
man.  The  same  year  he  delivered  his  first  course 
of  lectures  before  the  Medical  Class  of  the  XJniver- 
dty,  at  the  institution  m  .llason  street,  in  this  city, 
at  which  time  he  succeeded  the  late  celebrated  Pro- 
fessor Gerham.     Professor   "Webster's   salary  was 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


T6 


fixed  at  nineteen  hundred  dollars  per  annum.  In 
this  position  he  commenced  that  awful  epoch  in  his 
life  which  has  this  day  closed  with  his  death. 

"  By  the  decease  of  his  father,  in  1834,  Professor 
Webster  inherited  a  fortune  of  about  $40,000 ;  but 
this  has  gradually  been  wasted,  until  his  family  are 
now  left  with  but  a  comparatively  small  income. 
Extravagant  in  his  habits  —  generous  to  his  family  — 
wishing  to  maintain  a  brilliant  position  in  society  — 
he  threw  his  fortune  heedlessly  away  into  the  vortex 
of  fashionable  life.  Money  went;  and  debts  came ; 
pecuniary  troubles  accumulated  thick  and  fast ;  his 
was  not  the  calculating  economy  that  could  avert 
impending  ruin.  Old  friends  became  ruthless  cred- 
itors—  poverty  and  the  jail  stared  him  i-  'tying  in 
the  face  —  at  first  he  practised  fraud,  a!  :  finally, 
when  disgraceful  exposure  of  some  kind  must  come, 
he  meditated  the  violent  death  of  his  most  persecuting 
creditor.    The  world  knows  the  rest." 

The  town  of  Lexington  was  formerly  a  part  of 
Cambridge  ;  here  it  was  that  the  first  blood  was  shed 
in  the  cause  of  the  Revolution,  and  on  the  spot  a 
monument  is  erected  bearing  the  following  inscrip- 
tion :  — 


■ 


\^i/miy 


76 


A  PEEP  AT 


Sacred  to  Liberty  and  the  Rights  of  Mankind! 

The  freedom  and  independence  of  America, 

Sealed  and  defended  with  the  blood  of  her  sona. 

This  monument  is  erected 

By  the  inhabitants  of  Lexington, 

Under  the  patronage  and  at  the  expense  of 

The  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 

To   the   memory  of  their  fellow-citizens, 

Ensign  Robert  Monroe,  Messrs  Jonas  Parker, 

Samuel  Hadley,  Jonathan  Harrington,  Jun., 

Isaac  Muzzy,  Caleb  Harrington,  and  John  Brown, 

Of  Lexington,  and  Ashael  Porter,  of  Wobum, 

Who  fell  on  this  field,  the  first  victims  to  the 

Sword  of  British  tyranny  and  oppression. 

On  the  ever  memorable 

Nineteenth  of  April,  An.  Dom.  1775. 

The  die  was  cast ! 

The  blood  of  these  martyrs. 

In  the  cause  of  God  and  their  country. 

Was  the  cement  of  the  Union  of  these  States,  then 

Colonies,  and  gave  the  spring  to  the  spirit,  firmness 

And  resolution  of  their  fellow-citizens. 

They  rose  as  one  man  to  revenge  their  brethren's 

Blood,   and   at   the   point   of  the   sword   to   assist   and 

Defend  their  native  rights. 

They  nobly  dared  to  be  free! 

The  contest  was  long,  bloody  and  aff'ecting. 

Righteous  Heaven  approved  the  solemn  appeal ; 

Victory  crowned  their  arms ; 

And  the  peace,  liberty,  and  independence  of  the 

United  States  of  America  was  their  glorious  reward. 

Built  the  year  1799. 


f 

t; 
I 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


77 


The  last  time  I  visited  Boston,  Jenny  Lind,  the 
"  Swedish  nightingale,'*  was  holding  her  nightly  con- 
certs.    IJ6OO  was  paid  for  a  single  ticket. 

Jenny  Lind  gave  in  the  Tremont  Temple  in  Boston 
her  first  charity  concert  in  this  country,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  which  rere  $7,255,09,  and  appropriated  as 
follows:  — 

Boston  Port  Society,  $1,000 

Association  for  Aged  and  Indigent  Temales,  1,000 

Masical  Fund  Society,  1,000 

Farm  School  for  Indigent  Boys,  500 

Charitable  Orthopedic  Association,  500 

Boston  Female  Asylum,  500 

Howard  Benevolent  Society,  500 

Young  Men's  Benevolent  Society,  500 

Society  for  Prevention  of  Pauperism,  500 

Parent  Washington  Total  Abstinence  Society,  500 
To  Messrs.  Charles  &  J.  M.  Spear,  to  be  appropriated  to 

the  Beformation  of  the  Prisoner,  255 
To  a  poor  Swedish  woman,  the  mothe^of  nine  children,    100 

To  a  poor  woman  of  Boston,  loo 


Total, 


$7,255 


Jenny  Lind  also  contributed  large  sums  of  money 
for  benevolent  objects  in  the  other  American  cities 
which  she  visited. 

It  is  said  Jenny  Lind  pays  ^4,500  annually  under 
the  English  Income  Tax.  She  has  invested  m  the 
British  three  per   cents,    about    $760,000.      Her 


78 


A  PEEP  AT 


annual  income,  from  that  source  alone,  is.  about  jJ22,- 
000.  She  has  given  awajr  in  charity  about  £84,000  ; 
$400,000,  as  nearly  as  can  be  estimated.  £2T,000 
<af  this  was  given  in  England ;  .£5,000  in  Edinburgh. 
The  entire  amount  of  her  European  wealth  is  esti- 
mated at  $1,000,000.  The  Eev.  George  Scott, 
Methodist  minister,  who  for  several  years  was  sta-, 
vtioned  at  Stockholm,  says :  — 

"  Strange  as  it  may  appear,  it  is  nevertheless  true, 
that  Jenny  Lind  has  contributed  not  a  little  to 
increase  the  present  religious  excitement.  We  know 
that  this  celebrated  cantatrice  had  not  been  received 
in  the  capital  of  her  country  with  the  enthusiasm 
which  might  have  been  expected;  the  reasons  are 
before  me,  though  I  am  not  at  liberty  to  make  them 
all  public  ;  —thus  much  is,  however,  known,  that  the 
amiable  songstress  not  only  positively  refused  to 
appear  on  the  stage  as  an  actress,  but  on  many  occa- 
sions openly  declared  that  the  ungodliness  of  her 
fatherland  filled  her  with  alarm,  and  in  her  regular 
attendance  on  public'  worship  selected  those  churches 
the  pastors  of  which  were  known  to  be  spiritually 
minded.  The  fire  now  broke  loose ;  all  the  papers, 
with  the  exception  of  two,  boiled  over  with  the 
bitterest  invectives  against  the  pietists,  who  not  only 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


79 


started  the  Home  Mission,  but  had,  worst  of  all,  taken 
captive  the  «  Swedish  Nightingale.'  " 

The  following  account  of  Jenny  Lind  is  from  the 
pen  of  Hans  Christian  Anderson,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  literary  men  of  Sweden,  and  of  whom 
an  interesting  sketch  has  been  written  by  Mary 
Howitt :  — 

"  One  day  in  my  hotel  at  Copenhagen,  in  the  year 
1840^  I  saw  the  name  of  Jenny  Lind  among  those  of 
the  Swedish  strangers.  That  same  year  I  had  been 
in  the  neighboring  country,  and  had  been  received 
with  much  honor  and  kindness.  It  would  not,  there- 
fore, be  an  unbecoming  thing  on  my  part,  were  I  to 
visit  the  young  artist.  At  this  time  she  was  almost 
entirely  unknown  out  of  Sweden ;  even  in  Copen- 
hagen her  name  was  known  to  but  few.  She  received 
me  with  great  courtesy,  but  distantly  and  'oldly. 
She  was,  as  she  said,  on  a  journey  with  her  father  to 
South  Sweden,  and  was  merely  come  over  to  Copen- 
hagen to  see  the  city.  We  shortly  after  separated, 
and  I  had  the  impressioa  left  upon  me  of  a  very  ordi- 
nary character.  It  soon,  however,  passed  away,  and 
I  had  forgotten  Jenny  Lind.  In  the  Autumn  of 
1843,  Jenny  Lind  again  came  to  Copenhagen. 
Boumonville,  the  ballet  master,  one  of  my  friends, 


80 


A  PEEP  AT 


had  married  a  Swedish  lady,  a  friend  of  the  fair 
singer.    He  informed  me  of  her  arrival,  and  told  mo 
that  she  remembered  me  very  kindly,  and  had  now 
read  most  of  my  writings.     He  entreated  me  to  go 
m^h  him  and  make  a  call  upon  her.    I  did  so.    I 
was  no  longer  received  as  a  stranger.    She  cordially 
extended  her  hand.     She  spoke  of  my  writings,  and 
of  her  friend.  Miss  Frederika  Bremer.    The  conver- 
sation then  turned  upon  her  appearance  in  Copen- 
hagen.    *  I  have  never  made  my  appearance  out  of 
Sweden,'  she  said.    <  Every  body  in  my  own  land  is 
so  affectionate  and  loving  to  me.     If  I  made  my 
appearance  here,  and  should  be  hissed !    I  dare  not 
venture  on  it.'    I  said  that  I,  it  was  true,  could  not 
pass  judgment  upon  her,  having  never  heard  her 
sing;  but  that,  nevertheless,  I  felt  convinced  that 
such  was  then  the  disposition  in  Copenhagen,  that  she 
was  certain  to  be  successful.    Boumonville's  persua- 
sion eventually  gained  for  the   Copenhageners  the 
greatest  enjoyment  they  ever  had.    Jenny  made  her 
first  appearance  in  the  part  of  Alice.     It  was  a 
new  revelation  of  the  realms  of  art.      The  fresh 
young  voice  found  its  way  into  every  heart.    Here 
truth  and  nature  reigned.     Every  thing  was  full  of 
meaning  and  intelligence.    At  one  concert  she  sung 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


81 


her  Swedish  songs.  They  were  so  peculiar  and  so 
bewitching,  that,  uttered  by  such  a  purely  feminine 
being,  they  exercised  an  omnipotent  sway.  The 
whole  of  Copenhagen  was  enraptured.  The  first 
artist  to  whom  the  Danish  students  gave  a  serenade 
was  Jenny  Lind.  Torches  blazed  around  the  villa 
where  the  serenade  was  given.  She  came  out  and 
expressed  her  thanks  by  singing  one  of  her  Swedish 
songs.  I  saw  her  then  hasten  into  the  darkest  comer 
of  the  room  we  were  in,  and  weep  from   emotion. 

*  Yes,  yes,'  she  said,  *  I  will  exert  myself.  You  shall 
see  that  I  will  be  bettor  qualified  when  I  again  visit 
Copenhagen.' 

"  In  her  public  exhibitions  she  is  the  great  artist 
who  rises  above  all  that  are  around  her.  In  her  own 
chamber  she  is  a  young  and  sensitive  girl,  possessed 
with  all  the  humility  and  piety  of  a  child.  In  Copen- 
hagen her  advent  made  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  our 
opera.  She  showe  .  our  art  in  all  its  sanctity.  I 
had  beheld  one  of  its  vestals.  She  returned  to 
Stockholm.     Thence  Frederika  Bremer  wrote  to  me  i 

*  We  are  both  of  us  agreed  as  to  Jenny  Lind  as  a 
singer.  She  stands  as  high  as  any  artist  of  our  time 
well  can  stand.  But  as  yet  you  do  not  know  her  in 
her  real  greatness.     Speak  to  her  of  art,  and  you 


82 


A  PEEP  AT 


will  wonder  at  the  expansion  of  her  mind.      Her 
countenance  is  lighted  with  inspiration.     Converse 
with  her  upon  God,  and  of  the  holiness  of  religion, 
tears  will  spring  from  those  innocent  eyes.     She  is  a 
great  artist,  but  she  is  still  greater  in  the  pure  hu- 
manity of  her  existence.*    Indeed,  nothing  can  les- 
sen tho  impression  made  by  Jenny  Lind's  greatness 
on  the  stage,  save  her  personal  character  in  her  own 
house.     Her  intelligent  and  child-like  disposition  here 
excites  a  singular  power.     She  is  happy,  belonging 
no  longer  to  the  world.    Yet  she  loves  art  with  her 
whole  soul.     She  feels  her  vocation.    Her  noble  and 
pious  disposition  cannot  be  spoiled  by  homage.     On 
one  occasion  only,  in  my  bearing,  did  she  express  joy 
and  self-consciousness  in  her  talent.    It  was  during 
her  last  stay  at  Copenhagen.     Every  evening  she  ap- 
pealed either  at  the  concerts  or  in  the  opera.     She 
heard  of  a  society,  the  object  of  which  was  to  take 
unfortunate  children  out  of  the  hands  of  their  pa- 
rents, by  whom  they  were  compelled  to  beg  or  steal, 
and  place  them  in  better  circumstances.    Benevolent 
people  subscribed  annually  for  their  support,  yet  the 
means  for  this  excellent  purpose  were  but  small.     <  I 
have  an  evening  disengaged,'  said  she;  « I  will  give 
a  performance  for  these  poor  childr.en,  but  we  must 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


88 


performance 


have  double  prices.'    Sue) 

and  returned  large  proceeds.  When  she  heard  the 
amount,  her  countenance  lit  up,  and  tears  filled  her 
eyes.     « It  is  beautiful;  said  she,  <  that  I  can  sing 


» >» 


so. 

According  to  the  Assessor's  returns,  for  the  State 
of  Massachusetts,  for  1850,  we  have  the  following 
results :  — 

"  Since  1840  at  least  800  miles  of  railway  have 
been  finished  in  the  State,  and  many  lines  of  stages 
displaced ;  but  the  horses  in  Massachusetts  have  in- 
creased from  60,000,  in  1840,  to  74,060,  in  1850. 
In  the  same  period  cattle  have  increased  from  278,- 
737  to  299,600,  while  sheep  have  declined  from 
343,390  to  179,537.  The  product  of  wheat  has  de- 
clined  from  101,178  bushels  to  28,487,  and  Indian 
corn  increased  from  1,775,073  bushels  to  2,295,856. 
While  cotton  and  woollen  spindles  have  doubled  in 
number,  distilleries  have  decreased  from  78  to  43. 


Number  of  Houses  in  Mass., 
"         Barns         «' 

Superficial  feet  of  Wharf, 

Number  of  Cotton  Spindles  in  Mass., 
"         Woollen      «  " 

"         Bleacheries  « 

"         Paper  Mills  «< 

tons  of  Shipping 


1850. 

134,041 

74,765 

14,834,350 

1,220 

208,848 

2S 

114 

628,770 


1840. 

96,560 

63,806 

8,402,886 

624,540 

113,457 

10 

98 

498,057 


84 


A  PEEP  AT 


"  The  Railways  in  the  same  period  have  increased 
nearly  600  per  cent." 

Massachusetts  annually  produces  over  1,000,000 
bushels  of  fruit,  valued  at  $800,000;  600,000 
pounds  of  Maple  Sugar,  8,000,000  pounds  of  butter, 
and  about  8,000,000  pounds  of  cheese. 

Massachusetts  is  the  greatest  manufacturing  State 
in  the  Union.  There  are  about  480  Tanneries 
throughout  the  State,  which  manufacture  annually 
about  2,000,000  hides  of  leather,  and  employ  up- 
wards of  2,000  hands.  The  number  of  boots  and 
shoes  made  is  over  22,000,000  pairs,  which  give  em- 
ployment to  27,000  males  and  19,000  females ;  be- 
sides which  almost  every  description  of  manufacture 
is  carried  on.  - 

Immense  quantities  of  Iron  and  Coal  are  raised  in 
the  United  States.  The  quantity  of  anthracite  and 
bituminous  coal  raised  throughout  the  Union  in  1847, 
is  estimated  at  5,000,000  tons,  the  average  value  of 
which,  at  the  place  of  consumption,  is  estimated  at 
$20,000,000,  or  $4  per  ton.  The  greater  part  of 
this  coal  was  from  Pennsylvania.  The  number  of 
furnaces  in  the  United  States  is  estimated  to  be  640, 
yielding  486,000  tons  of  Pig  Iron ;  954  bloomeries, 
forges,  rolling  mills,  &c.,  yielding  291,600  tons  of 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


85 


bar,  hoop,  sh^et,  boiler,  and  other  wrought  iron,  30,- 
000  tons  of  blooms,  and  122,000  tons  of  castings ; 
the  whole  valued  at  $42,000,000.  Pennsylvania 
alone  is  said  to  produce  250,000  tons  of  iron  an- 
nually. 

Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  iron  trade  inland 
may  be  formed  from  the  quantities  carried  on  the 
canals.  In  1847,  there  came  to  the  Hudson,  on  the 
New  lork  canals,  Pi.sc  Iron  21,608,000  pounds; 
bloom  and  bar,  26,348, . ,  0  pounds ;  Iron-ware  3,014,- 
000  pounds ;  340  tons  Iron  and  Iron-ware  cleared 
on  the  canals  at  Buffalo  and  Oswego  ;  St.  Lawrence 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  shipped  515  tons  of  pig,  a  surplus  made 
there ;  7,716  tons  of  pig  Iron  reached  Buffalo,  via 
Lake  Erie,  and  1,256  kegs  of  nails;  15,103,565 
pounds  of  Iron  and  nails  arrived  at  Cleveland,  via  the 
Ohio  Canal,  and  4,085  tons  of  Iron  and  12,537  kegs 
of  nails  were  shipped  from  Cleveland  coastwise. 
There  cleared  at  Portsmouth,  Chillicothe,  Massillon, 
and  Akron,  in  1847,  about  5,713  tons  of  Iron; 
5,269,055  pounds  of  nails  were  shipped  at  Akron. 
The  trade  in  Coal  and  Iron  on  the  Western  rivers  and 
lakes  is  \ery  large. 

The  Coal  trade  of  Pennsylvania  is  now  probably- 
greater  than  the  Iron ;  both  employ  the  canals  and 
8 


86 


i  1 


A  PEEP  AT 


railroads,  and  require  thousands  of  canal  boats  and 
railroad  cars  for  transportation.  A  ton  of  pig  Iron  is 
made  with  two  and  a  half  tons  each  of  ore  and  coal, 
and  a  ton  of  limestone  ;  also,  say  for  labor  and  pro- 
visions while  smelting  the  ore,  and  contingences,  }6 
—  in  all  $20  ;  other  $40,  chiefly  for  labor,  coal  and 
provisions,  are  required  to  convert  pig  into  a  ton  of 
bar.  Iron  canal  boats  were  in  common  use  in  Wales 
thirty  years  ago  — they  are  beginning  to  be  made 
here  ;  also  war  steamers.  Fences,  and  even  porches 
to  houses,  are  often  of  iron.  The  pipes  for  the  Cro- 
ton  water  in  New  York  required  many  thousand  tons. 
The  annual  value  of  150,000  tons  of  iron  ore  of  Ma- 
ryland is  worth  $600,000  at  Baltimore.  A  single 
foundry  in  Tennessee  sold,  in  1844,  of  sugar-kettles, 
$60,000  worth. 

In  the  month  of  April  I  made  a  tour  through  the 
States  of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine.  The  first 
place  which  I  visited  was  — 

Lynn,  which  was  first  settled  in  1629.  It  received 
its  name  from  a  town  in  England.  Its  Indian  name 
y(i&  Sa^'gust.  It  is  about  six  miles  in  length,  and  is 
almost  surrounded  by  water.  The  river  Saugus 
flows  on  the  West,  the  harbor  on  the  South,  the  ocean 
on  the  Southeast,  and  a  chain  of  Ponds,  called  the 
"  Lynn  Lakes,"  on  the  north.    The  town  has  broad 


UNCLE  SAM'S  PABM. 


87 


and  pleasant  streets.    It  is  one  of  the  most  thriving 
towns  of  New  England,  containing  a  population,  in 
1850,  of  13,613.     In  the  northern  part  of  Lynn  is  a 
Mineral  Spring,  which  is  a  place  of  great  resort.     It 
is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  places  in  the  country 
for  the  manufacture  of  shoes.     It  was  noted  for  this 
manufacture  before  the  Revolutionary  war.    There 
are  about  3,000,000  pairs  of  women's  and  girls'  (or, 
as  the  Yankee  would  say,  misses')  shoes  annually 
made  here,   valued  at   $2,000,000,   or   .£400,000 
sterling.      The  manufacture  of  calico   amounts   to 
$T0,000,  and  of  Morocco,  $34,000.     There  are  va- 
rious other  manufactures,  too  numerous  to  detail, 
besides  agricultural  produce.      The  value  of  fresh 
fish  taken  amounts  to  $13,950.    In  1849,  Lynn  em- 
ployed sixteen  vessels  in  the  Cod  and  Mackerel  fish- 
eries, and  two  in  the  Whale  fishery. 

The   following  is   the  quantity  and  value  of  the 
Whale  Oil  produced  in  the  United  States  in  1845: 


Gallons  of  Sperm  Oil, 
Value  of  Sperm  Oil, 
Gallons  of  Whale  Oil, 
Value  of  Whale  Oil, 
Gallons  of  other  Oil, 
Value  of  other  Oil, 
Pounds  of  Whalebone, 
Value  of  Whalebone, 
Capital  Invested, 


6,704,716 

$6,233,276 

9,572,990 

$2,961,619 

72,409 

■      $28,764 

2,937,509 

$1,147,518 

$11,805,910 


88 


1 1 


A  PEEP  AT 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  value  of  the  Whale  Fishery 
alone,  amounts  to  the  enoimou^sum  of  jC 2,074,233 
sterling ;  whereas  the  total  quantity  of  Seal  and  Cod 
Oil  of  Newfoundland  does  not  amount  to  more  than 
^300,000  per  annum. 

The  greatest  quantity  of  Whale  Oil  exported  from 
Newfoundland  was  in  the  years  1830  and  1834,  which 
was  about  200  tons  ;  valued  at  ^30  per  ton,  amounts 
to  £5,000.  There  were  also  117  hundred  weight 
Whalebone;  valued  at  £4  per  hundred  weight, 
amounts  to  £470.  Previous  to  the  last  war  between 
America  and  Great  Britain,  ten  or  twelve  vessels 
belonging  to  Massachusetts  frequented  the  Wes^tem 
Coast  of  Newfoundland  in  pursuit  of  Whales,  and 
were  very  successful ;  but  after  the  war  broke  out, 
the  Whale  Fishery  on  the  Newfoundland  Coast  by 
the  Americans  was  abandoned. 

The  following  is  the  number  of  vessels  employed  in 
the  Whale  Fishery  in  the  United  States  during  the 
years  1848  and  1849  :  — 


Vears. 

Ships  and  Barques. 

Brigs. 

Schooners. 

Tonnage. 

1848 

581 

21. 

12 

196,110 

1849 

510 

20 

13 

171,483 

The  falling  off  in  the  outfit  for  the  Whale  Fishery  is 
attributed  to  the  emigration  to  California.     The  ves- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


89 


sels  employed  in  the  Whale  Fishery  belong  princi- 
pally to  New  Bedford,  Fairhaven,  Westport,  Nan- 
tucket, Warren,  Stonington,  Mystic,  New  London, 
Sag  Harbor,  and  Greenport.     They  have  generally  a 
crew  of  twenty.five  men  each,  which  makes  an  aggre- 
gate  of  12,750  men.    Taking  into  the  account  those 
employed  in  carrying  the  oil,  &c.,  to  market,  we  and 
it  takes  about  860  vessels  of  various  tonnage,  navi- 
gated by  12,000  seamen  —  about  one  tenth  of  the 
whole  mercantile  marine  of  the  United  States.    It  is 
estimated  that  the  expense  of  manufactories,  wharfs, 
stores,  and  other  expenses  connected  with  it,  amount 
to  no  less  a  sum  than  ^70,000,000,  or  upwards' of 
£14,000,000  sterling,  and  that  more  than  70,000  per- 
sons are  employed  in  it.    In  the  prosecution  of  this 
business,  there  are  consumed  46,000  barrels  of  flour, 
36,000  barrels  of  beef  and  pork,  900,000  pounds  of - 
copper  and  copper  nails,  1,500,000  barrels,  2,600 
tons  of  iron  hoops,  &c. 

The  following  are  the  imports  of  Sperm  and  Whale 
Oil,  and  Whalebone,  into  the  United  States,  for  the 
week  ending  January  7th,  1850. 


Ships. 

3 


Bbltr.  Sperm. 

3,780 
8* 


BWi.  Whalo. 

300 


Pounds  Bone. 

1,400 


90 


A  PEEP  AT 


Most  of  the  common  Whale  Oil  is  exported  from 
the  United  States  to  Northern  Europe.  Most  of  the 
Whalebone  is  also  exported.  The  product  of  the 
Spermaceti  Whale  is  used  as  lamp  oil,  making  can- 
dles, and  various  other  purposes.  The  quantity  of 
Spermaceti  candles  annually  made  is  over  3,000,000 
pounds.  By  a  chemical  process  these  candles  can  be 
tinged  with  any  color.  Candles  from  Nantucket  are 
often  sold  for  pure  wax. 

From  Lynn  I  proceeded  to  Salem,  which  is  fifteen 
miles  east  of  Boston,  and  contains  a  population  of 
nearly  19,000,  and  in  point  of  wealth  and  commerce 
it  has  always  ranked  as  the  second  town  in  New  Eng- 
land.    It  was  first  settled  in  1626,  and  the  earlier 
inhabitants  thought  of  making  it  the  capital  inste?^d  of 
Boston.     Here  the  celebrated  John  Endicott  resided 
for  some  time  after  his  arrival  ♦from  England,  and  who 
was  the  first  Governor  of  Massachusetts  under  the 
First  Charter.     Here  was  born  the  great  American 
Mathematician  and  Astronomer,  Dr.  Bowditch,  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  men  of  his  day.     Salem  took 
an  important  part  in  the  struggle  for  independence. 
About  sixty  armed  vessels  were  fitted  out  from  this 
place  during  the  Revolution.     It  has  a  commodious 
harbor  and  good  anchorage,  and  is  more  extensively 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


91 


known  for  its  East  India  trade  than  any  port  in  the 
United  States ;  but  it  has  greatly  declined  in  commer- 
cial importance,  most  of  the  shipping  having  been 
removed  to  Boston,  although  continuing  to  be  owned 
in  Salem.  The  following  are  the  number  of  vessels 
belonging  to  Salem  in  1850 :  — 


20  Ships, 

9,953  Tons. 

84  Barques, 

8,500 

(( 

42  Brigs, 

6,782 

u 

8  Yachts, 

185 

it 

Coasting  and  fishing 

vessels, 

16,000 

« 

Total, 


41,420 


Chestnut  street  is  one  of  the  principal  streets  of  the 
city,  has  rows  of  trees  on  either  side,  and  contains 
many  beautiful  buildings.  The  East  India  Marine 
Hall  was  erected  in  1825,  and  cost  $25,000.  It  is 
100  feet  by  45,  built  of  granite.  In  this  hall  is  a 
very  fine  Museum,  consisting  of  upwards  of  5,000 
specimens  of  natural  and  artificial  curiosities  collected 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  amongst  which  is  a  model 
of  the  first  ship  sent  from  Salem  to  the  East  Indies, 
in  1784.  One  of  the  most  interesting  specimens  I 
have  ever  seen  is  in  the  possession  of  an  old  gentle- 
man, consisting  not  only  of  animals,  fossils,  &c.,  but 


n 


A  PEEP  AT 


also  some  of  the  most  curious  pieces  of  machinery, 
invented  hy  himself. 

The  value  of  the  manufactures  of  Salem  amounts  to 
upwards  of  1^2,000,000,  consisting  of  leather,  boots 
and  shoes,  cordage,  cabinet  ware,  tobacco,  alum,  ves- 
sels,  &c.,  &c.  The  value  of  the  cod,  whale,  and 
mackerel  fisheries  amounts  to  about  $300,000.  Here 
there  is  a  large  steam  cotton  factory,  employing  up- 
wards  of  500  hands. 

Salem  is  celebrated  in  the  history  of  America  on 
account  of  its  Witches ;  although  the  delusion  ap- 
peared in  other  places  before  Salem.     In  1692,  nine- 
teen  persons  were  tried  and  hanged  here  as  Witches. 
At  this  time  laws  were  in  force  in  England  against 
Witchcraft,  which  received  the  sanction  of  the  re- 
nowned Sir  Matthew  Hale.     The  Rev.  George  Bur- 
roughs was  executed  in  1692  on  Gallows  Hill,  in  Sa- 
lem, for  Witchcraft.    The  following  is  in  the  hand- 
writing,  on  the  church  record,  of  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Parris,  who  was  born  in  London,  and  settled  at  Dan- 
vers  in  1689,  a  town  adjoining  Salem.     In  1692 
Witchcraft  first  made  its  appearance  in  America,  in 
the  family  of  Mr.  Parris. 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


98 


I 


"  27tii  March,  Sab.,  1692. 
Sacrament  Bay. 
"  After  the  common  auditory  were  dismissed,  and 
before  the  church  communion  of  the  Lord's  Table, 
the  following  Testimony  against  the  Error  of  our  sis- 
ter Mary  Sibley,  who  had  given  direction  to  my  In 
dian  man  in  an  unwarrantable  way  to  find  out  witches, 
was  read  by  the  Pastor.     It  is  altogether  undeniable 
that  our  great  and  blessed  God  hath  suffered  many 
persons,  in  several  Families  of  this  little  village,  to  be 
grievously  vexed  and  tortured  in  body,  and  to  be 
deeply  tempted,  to  the  endangering  of  the  destruc- 
tion of  their  souls,  and  all  these  amazing  facts  (well 
known  to  many  of  us)  to  be  done  by  Witchcraft  and 
Diabolical  operations.     It  is  also  well  known  that 
when  these  calamities  first  began,  which  was  in  my 
own  family,  the  affliction  was  several  weeks  before 
such  hellish  operations  as  witchcraft  was  suspected. 
Nay,  it  never  broke  forth  to  any  considerable  light 
until  diabolical  means  was  used  by  the  making  of  a 
cake  by  my  Indian  man,  who  had  his  directions  from 
this  our  sister  Mary  Sibley,  since  which  operations 
have  been  plenty,  and  exceeding  much  mischief  hath 
followed.    But  by  this  means  it  seems  the  Devil  hath 


94 


A  PEEP  AT 


been  raised  amongst  us,  and  his  rage  is  vehement  and 
terrible,  and  when  he  shall  be  silenced  the  Lord  only 
knows." 


From  Salem  I  proceeded  to  Marblehead,  the  sterile 
appearance  of  which  reminded  me  of  my  own  native 
land.     Marblehead  is  Newfoundland  in  miniature. 
On  the  barren  rocks  which  for  the  most  part  surround 
the  harbor,  are  erected  fish-flakes,  for  the  purpose  of 
curing  fish  on.     What  would  a  Newfoundland  fisher- 
man think  of  seeing  fish-flakes  only  three  feet  high, 
six  or  eight  feet  wide,  and  from  ten  to  twenty  feet 
long,  built  of  narrow  strips  of  board,  and  so  frail  as 
to  be  incapable  of  bearing  a  person  to  walk  on  them ! 
I  am  sure  he  would  laugh  at  such  an  affair.     Such, 
however,  are  the  fish-flakes  of  Marblehead.     From 
the  first  settlement  of  the  country  to  the  present  time, 
Marblehead  has  been  celebrated  for  its  enterprise  in 
the  fisheries.     At  the  commencement  of  the  war 
between  Great  Britian  and  America,  this  was  the 
second  important  town  in  the  colony  of  Massachusetts. 
It  is  distant  from  Boston  sixteen  miles,  and  contains 
a  population  of  8,000.    The  number  of  vessels  be- 
longing to  this  place  is  about  100,  which  are  employ- 
ed  at  the  Banks,  and  in  the  Labrador  Cod  Fishery 


UNCtK  SAM'S  FABM. 


96 


and  Mackerel  Fishery.    The  annual  value  of  the  Cod 
and  Mackerel  Fishery  is  about  $170,000,  or  ^35,. 
000.    The  various  manufactures  of  the  place  are  said 
to  amount  to  $400,000  annually,  or  £80,000.    A 
steam  Cotton  Mill  was  erected  hero  five  years  ago, 
the  statistics  of  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain. 
The  land  near  the  sea  is  very  hilly  and  rocky.    When 
the  celebrated  Whitefield  first  visited  Marblehead,  he 
asked  where  they  used  to  bury  their  dead.     Notwith^ 
standing  its  rocky  appearance,  the  land  surroundin^r 
the  town  is  very  fertile,  the  Agricultural  Society  hav! 
mg  awarded  premiums  for  the  largest  quantity  of 
hay,  barley,  and  corn,  obtained  here  from  an  acre. 
This  town  produced  in  one  year  1,500  bushels  of 
gram,  2,000  bushels  of  fruit,  17,525  bushels  of  ve^re- 
tables,  550  tons  of  hay,  and  1,295  pounds  of  butter. 
When  I  sat  down  to  breakfast  at  the  neat,  homely 
hotel  of  Marblehead,  I  fancied  myself  sitting  at  the 
hospitable  table  of  Newman  &  Co.,  at  Harbor  Briton, 
m  Fortune  Bay,  Newfoundland.     The  first  dish  which 
appeared  on  the  table  was  a  nice  dish  of  fine  fried 
halibut.     The  whole  place  has  a  Newfoundland-like 
appearance.     The  barren,  naked  rocks  skirting  the 
water,  covered  with  fish-flakes,  the  fishermen  moving 
about,  the  schooners  preparing  for  the  fishery,  and 


'^ 


A  PEEr  AT 


ifi 


tho  ocean  billows  in  all  their  wildness  dashmg  without 
(be  harbor,  w/^pping  the  rocks  in  sheets  of  spray  and 
foam,  all  strongly  remL  led  me  of  my  native  home. 
S^'he  Cod  fishery  in  New  England  first  commenced 
at  Dorchester,  about  five  miles  distant  from  Boston, 
in  tho  year  1633.  Tho  following  will  show  tho  value 
of  the  Cod  fishery  for  tlie  State  of  Massachusetts  in 
the  year  1844. 


Vessels  employed, 

Tonnage, 

Barrels  of  Mackerel, 

Value  of  Mackerel, 

Quintals  of  Cod  fish. 

Value  of  Cod  fish. 

Value  of  other  fish  and  Lobsters, 

Bushels  of  Salt  consumed, 

Capital  invested, 

Hands  employed, 


967 

61,796 

86,628 

^637,052 

334,901 

$746,263 

$100,822 

491,064 

$1,238,640 

7,866 


UNCUS  SAW'S  FARM. 


W 


Annual  Retuhn  of  the  amount  of  mackerel  and 

from  the  Sprovtcer^^^^      "^  ^^^'^^^^ 

MACKEREL. 

p-; ; . JMs.  No, 

Boston,  (ro-inspe^ted)  .   .   .  "rFm^ 
Boston,  (inspeetod)  .\   .:  :      ,%« 


« 

n 

II 

11 

i< 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 


Mnrblchead, 
Beverly, 

Manchester 

Gloucester, 

Itockport, 

Newburyport," 

Hingham, 

Cohaaset, 

Scituate, 

Plymouth, 

Yarmouth, 

Westport, 

Egertown, 

Dennis, 

Barnstable, 

Harwich, 

Chatham, 

Wellfleet, 

Truro, 

Provincetown "      M^^ 


Nantucket, 


88 
60 
60 
27 
14,636 
1,459 
4,148 
4,147 
8,229 
892 
76 
1,487 
24 
163 
2,629 
2,035 
5,039 
1,627 
5,604 


7,080 
106 


l|Bls^.; 

12,886 
6,327 
82 
46 
97 
178 
19,822 
2,106 
5,818 
4,681 
5,207 
577 
213 
1,821 
48 
188 
4,181 
2,066 
5,401 
1,361 
7,726 
4,666 
9,256 
106 


2,126 

4,014 

9 
80 
82 
11,121 
822 
6,914 
4,666 
6,869 
442 
277 
2,624 
73 
25 
4,275 
2,111 
4,165 
869 
6,819 
8,861 
7,010 
218 


22,906 
14,441 
116 
104 
187 
28r 
45,679 
4,886 
16,880 
13,424 
'5,29» 
1,411 
666 
'   802 
146 
3aft 
11,1  86 
6,212 
14,6  '6 
8,8-t5 
18,649 
11,86  ' 
23,34: 
480 


RECAPITULATION. 

Mackerel 2ai  ««« 

Salmon     .   .  '  ^  .'!!? 


Shad     .   :   -. ^.821 

?r"rg  . . : : : : :    H'. 

Alewives 
Cod   .  .   . 

Menhaden 


872 

2,189 

97 

18 


Sword  Fish     .   .  uta 


Tongues  and  Sounds 
Halibut  Fins  .   .  .  . 
Salmon  Trout    .  , 
Blue  Fish    ... 


Torm  ^    r.  ''  *°*^^ 288,49& 

^""^  ^'"i'^fto^  OJice,  Boston,  January  7th,  1850 


98 


A  PEEP  AT 


Statement  of  the  tonnage  and  men  employed  in  the 
Bank  or  Cod  Fishery  of  the  United  States,  the 
product  of  the  same,  and  the  amount  of  allowances 
paid  to  the  owners  of  vessels  engaged  in  the  Fish- 
eries, during  the  year  ending  30th  June,  1848  :  — 


Vessels 


Number.   Tonnage.     Men.      Boys. 
,   1,597        86,069        8,495        484 


Quantity.  Value. 

Codfish  (cwt.) 558,640  «1,566,919 

Fish  Oil  (gallons) 165,210  73,654 

Tongues  and  Sounds  (bbls.) 607  8,870 

Halibut,  Hake,  and  Pollock  (cwt.)  .     44,933  99,491 

Total  value $1,743,434 

Amount  of  allowances  paid,  $243,432. 


Statement  of  the  quantity  of  Pickled  Fish  exported 
from  the  United  States,  the  bounty  paid  on  export- 
ation, and  the  amount  of  allowances  paid  to  the 
owners  of  vessels  employed  in  the  Bank  or  Cod 
Fishery,  from  1843  to  1848,  inclusive :  — 


Pickled  Fish  exported 

Allow,  to 

Fishing 

Vessels. 

Total 

Years. 

Barrels. 

Bate 
per  barrel. 

Bounty. 

Bounty  & 
Allow. 

1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 

17,575 
83,318 
20,871 
27,703 
32,441 
29,915 

20  cents 
« 

(( 

u 
2i  cents. 

$3,515 
6,663 
4,174 
5,541 
6,488 
748 

$165,932 
249,074 
289,840 
274,942 
276,429 
243,432 

$173,247 
255,737 
294,014 
280,483 
282,917 
244,180 

UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


99 


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A  PEEP  AT 


RETURN  FROM   THE  BRITISH   ^ARGE   D'AFFAIRES  AT 

AVASHINGTON. 

A  statement  of  the  amount  of  Bounties  on  salted  Fish 
exported,  and  of  allowances  to  Vessels  employed  in 
the  Bank  and  Cod  Fisheries  annually,  for  the  years 
ending  30th  June,  1844,  M5,  '46,  '47,  and  '48 :  — 


1844, 
1845, 
1846, 
1847, 
1848 


Bounties  on  Pickled 
Pish  sxported. 

$6,663.60 

4,174.20 

2,540.60 

6,488.20 

747.80 


Allow,  to  vesBels  employed  in 
Bank  &  Cod  Fisheries. 


$249,074.26 
289,840.07 
274,942.98 
276,429.38 
243,432.23 

Tonnage  of  Vessels  enrolled  and  licensed  for  the 
Mackerel  and  Cod  Fisheries  from  1844  to  1848, 
inclusive. 

Mackerel  fishery.  Cod  Fishery. 

Tons.  Tons. 

1844,  16,171  75,179 

1845,  21,413  69,826 

1846,  36,463  72,516 

1847,  31,451  70,178 

1848,  43,539  82,632 

Rate  of  allowance  to  Vessels  in  the  Cod  Fishery  :— 
If  5  tons  and  not  above  30  tons,  per  ton  $3.50 

If  above  30  tons,  per  ton,  4.00 

If  above  30  tons,  and  having  a  crew  of  10  persons, 
and  employed  at  sea  for  3^  months  at  least,  but 
less  than  4  months,  4.00 

Allowance  to  any  vessel  not  to  exceed  360.00 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


101 


TOTAL   VALUE   OP   THE   AMERICAN   FISHERIES   IN    1848. 


Qoantitj. 
Codfish  (quintals)  558,640 
Fish  Oil  (gallons)  165,210 

Tongues  and  Sounds, 

(barrels)  607 

Halibut,    Hake,    and 

Pollock  (quintals)  44,933 
Mackerel  (barrels)  173,256 
Shad,  Herring,   Ale- 

wives,Bluefish,Lob- 

sters,  &c. 


Value.       PoundB  sterling 
$1,566,919 
73,654 

3,370 

99,491 
1,274,104 


150,000 


^633,507 


Value  of  the  Whale  Oil  in  1845  :— 


Sperm  Oil, 
Whale  Oil, 
Other  Oil, 
Whalebone, 


$6,223,276 

2,961,619 

28,754 

1,147,518 


Total, 


£2,074,233 
^62,707,740 


The  value  of  the  Fresh  Fish  consumed  in  the 
United  States  must  be  enormous ;  probabljr  much  more 
than  the  above. 

A  great  quantity  of  salt  is  manufactured  in  the 
United  States,  which  is  used  in  the  Fisheries,  as  well 
as  for  other  purposes.  The  first  salt  produced  by 
solar  evaporation  in  America  was  made  in  the  town  of 
Dennis,  near  Cape  Cod,  in  the  year  1776.    In  the 


102 


A  PEEP  AT 


towns  about  Cape  Cod,  there  were  manufactured  in 
1837,  669,064  bushels  of  salt,  valued  at  $219,870. 
Great  quantities  of  salt,  however,  are  manufactured  in 
other  parts  of  the  States. 

irOTAL    VALUE 


-Codfish,  quintals 
Oil.  Seal  and  Cod,  tuns 
Seal  skins,  number 
Salmon,  tierces 
Herring,  barrels 


OF   THE    NEWFOUNDLAND 
IN   1847. 
Quantity. 
837,973 
8,670 
436,831 
4,917 
20,908 


FISHERIES, 

Value. 
£596,990 
243,646 
46,280 
12,794 
11,234 


Total, 


910,954 


About  the  same  quantity  as  the  above  is  taken  by 
the  French  and  American  fishermen  on  the  Banks  and 
along  the  shores  of  Newfoundland. 

The  exports  from  Newfoundland  in  the  year  1814 
were  1,200,000  quintals  of  codfish,  valued  at  £2  per 
quintal ;  20,000  quintals  of  pickled  fish,  in  barrels  ; 
6,000  tuns  of  cod  oil,  at  ^32  per  tun;  156,000  seal 
skins,  at  5».  each;  4,666  tuns  seal  oil,  at  ^36  per 
tun ;  besides  salmon,  mackerel,  furs  and  berries  to  the 
amount  of  .£10,000 ;  the  whole  amounting  to  no  less 
a  sum  than  X  2,828,976. 

Newburyport  is  considered  as  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  towns  of  New  England.  It  is  situated  on 
gently  rising  ground,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  mouth 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


103 


of  the  Merrimac  river.     Ifc  is  distant  from  Boston 
thirty-four  miles,  and  contains  a  population  of  about 
10,000.    Many  years  ago  it  was  a  place  of  great 
commerce.     As  many  as  ninety  ships  have  been  in 
process  of  construction  here  at  one  time.     In  1808 
the  tonnage  of  this  place  was  30,000  tons.    Ifc  has 
several  times  been  visited  with  severe   commercial 
depressions,  as  well  as  a  conflagration  which  destroyed 
the  most  valuable  portion  of  the  town.     It  is  now, 
however,  recovering  its  former  prosperity.    The  num- 
ber of  vessels  now  belonging  to  this  port  is  as  follows : 
—24  ships,  17  brigs,  9  barques,  96  schooners  and  1 
steamer :    total  tonnage,  23,962  tons.      There  are 
several  cotton  mUls  in  operation  here,  the  annual  pro- 
duce of  which  is,  one  million  five  hundred  thousand 
yards  of  printed  cotton,  and  four  million  yards  of  the 
finest   cotton  manufactured  in  the  country.     They 
consume   about  one  million  four  hundred   thousand 
pounds  of  cotton,  ten  thousand  gallons  of  oil,  and  three 
thousand  tons  of  coal.     These  mills  employ  about  one 
thousand  operatives.    In  addition   to  cotton  goods 
there  are  other  manufactures  of  almost  every  descrip- 
tion.    Newbury  is  connected  with  Newburyport ;  it 
was  once  three  miles  distant,  but  the  buildings  now 
extend  from  one  town  to  the  other.      Newbury  was 


104 


A  PEEP  AT 


first  settled  bj  persons  from  England  in  1633.  It  was 
called  by  the  Indians  Quassacumcow.  The  quantity 
of  fruit  annually  raised  in  the  two  places  is  51,997 
bushels,  valued  at  $41,000,  or  ^8,000.  The  number 
of  vessels  employed  in  the  cod  and  mackerel  fishery, 
at  Newburyport,  is  57,  and  at  Newbury  18.  Having 
heard  of  a  family  residing  here  from  Newfoundland, 
we  sought  out  their  residence.  They  emigrated  a 
year  ago  from  Carbonear  in  Newfoundland.  True  as 
the  needle  to  the  pole,  my  heart  beat  warm  towards 
this  family.  They  were  all  born  within  three  rods  of 
me.  I  thought  of  the  beautiful  lines  of  James 
Montgomery :  — 

"  There  is  a  spot  of  earth  supremely  blest, 
A  dear,  a  sweeter  spot  than  all  the  rest ; 
Where  shall  that  land,  that  spot  of  earth  be  found  ? 
Art  thou  a  man,  a  patriot,  look  around. 
Oh,  thou  shalt  find,  howe'er  thy  footsteps  roam. 
That  land  thy  country,  and  that  spot  thy  home !  " 

We  spent  a  couple  of  hours  very  pleasantly  wan- 
dering through  the  beautiful  cemetery.  It  is  inter- 
spersed with  venerable  oak  and  elm  trees,  and  on  all 
sides  magnificent  monuments  are  to  be  seen,  the  whole 
forming  one  of  the  most  elegant  cemeteries  I  have  yet 
seen  in  the  country.    In  High  Street,  near  the  Court 


UNCLE    SAM'S    FARM. 


105 


House,  is  a  fine  pond  of  about  six  acres,  which  is 
embellished  with  a  mall  and  terraced  promenade,  a 
delightful  place  of  resort  in  the  summer.     About  half 
a  mile  from  this,  on  the  same  street,  are  tlie  remains 
of  the   residence  of  the   celebrated   Lord   Timothy 
Dexter,  so  called.    He  was  a  rich,  but  most  eccentric 
man.    I  have  heard  a  great  deal  of  his  eccentricities 
from  the  good  people  of  Newburjport ;  one   or  two 
incidents,  however,  will  suffice.     The  whole   front  of 
his  dwelling,  which  was  a  very  large  house,  was  orna- 
mented with  about  a  hundred  figures  of  men,  beasts, 
and  birds,  a  couple  of  which  were  still  standing  when 
I  visited  it.   He  at  one  time  bought  a  cargo  of  warm- 
ing pans,  and  shipped  them  to  the  West  Indies,  where, 
quite  unexpectedly,  they  were  bought    for    either 
straining  or  dipping  molasses.     This  strange  specular 
tion  turned  out  a  most  profitable  one.    A  few  years 
previous  to  his  death,  he  had  a  tomb  erected  in  his 
garden,  had  a  coffin  made,  and  then  had  his  funeral 
ceremonies  performed  on  a  certain  day,  while  he  him- 
self stood  at  a  distance  as  an  observer. 

Newbury  and  Newburjport  have  been  the  birth- 
places of  some  of  the  most  celebrated  men  America 
has  produced.  Among  other  distinguished  men  born 
here  were  Theophilus  Parsons,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 


I  I  ii 


11 


106 


A  PEEP   AT 


jurist,  Judge  Bradbury,  Judge  Jackson,  Hon.  Wm. 
Bartlett,  and  Moses  Brown,  two  of  the  merchant 
princes  of  America ;  the  distinguished  mechanician, 
Jacob  Perkins,  who  pursued  his  inventions  here  till 
fifty  years  of  age,  and  then  went  to  England.     Here 
John  Quincy  Adams,  one  of  the  Presidents   of  the 
United  States,  resided  during  his  early  days,  pursu- 
ing his  legal  studies,  under  Mr.  Parsons.     It  has  also 
been  the  birth-place  of  many  eminent   ministers  of 
various  denominations.   Here  I  saw  the  remains  of  the 
celebrated  George  Whitefield.    They  are  deposited  in 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church.     I  descended  to  the 
vault  with  the  sexton,  who  carried  a  lamp.     I  cannot 
describe  my  feelings  when  I  laid  my  hand  upon  the 
naked  skull  of  this  eminent  and  devoted  servant  of 
God.     The  bones  are  very  little  decayed.     The  coffin 
is  made  of  hard  wood,  and  perfectly  sound.     It  has  a 
door  at  the  head  about  seven  or  eight  inches  square, 
as  have  all  the  coffins  of  this  country.     There   is  a 
painted  inscription  on  the  coffin  stating  the  time  of  his 
death  and  age.     Immediately  beneath  the  pulpit  of 
the   church  is  a  marble   tablet  with   the  following 
inscription:  — 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 

Under  this  Pulpit 
are  deposited 
The  Eemains 
of 
THE  REV.  GEO.  WHITEFIELD, 
and 
THE  REV.  JONATHAN  PARSONS, 
The  first  Pastor  of  this  Church, 
whodied  July  19th,  I77(>; 
also 
OP  THE  REV.  JOSEPH  PRINCE, 
Who  died  1791. 


lOT 


On  the  right  of  the  Pulpit  is  a  beautiful  marble 
cenotaph,  with  the  following  inscription  :  — 

This  Cenotaph 
is  erected  with  affectionate  veneration 
to  the  memory  of 
THE  REV.  GEORGE  WHITEFIELD, 
bom  at  Gloucester,  Eng.,  Dec.  16th,  1714 ; 
educated  at  Oxford  University;  ordained  1736. 
In  a  ministry  of  34  years 
he  crossed  the  Atlantic  13  times, 
and  preached  more  than  18,000  sermons. 
As  a  soldier  of  the  cross,  humble,  devout,  ardent,  he  put  on  the 
whole  armor  of  God, 
preferring  the  honor  of  Christ 
to  his  own  interest,  repose,  reputation  or  life. 
As  a  Christian  orator,  his  deep  piety,  disinterested  zeal,  and  vivid 
imagination,  gave  unexampled  energy  to  his  look,  action  and  utter- 


108 


A  PEEP  AT 


ance,-bold,  fervent,  pungent  and  popular  in  his  eloquence;  no 
other  uninspired  man  over  preached  to  so  large  assemblies,  or 
enforced  the  simple  truths  of  the  Gospel  by  motives  so  persuasive 
and  awful,  and  with  an  influence  so  powerful  on  the  hearts  of  his 
hearers. 


lie  died  of  Asthma,  Sept.  iOth,  1770; 

suddenly  exchanging  his  life  of  unparalleled  labors 

for  his  eternal  rest. 


There  are  two  other  coffins  in  the  same  vault  with 
Mr.  WhiteBeld's,  one  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Parson's,  and 
the  other  a  poor  blind  man's,  who  had  a  strong  desire 
to  be  buried  with  Mr.  Whitefield.     I  have  visited  the 
house  where  Mr.  Whitefield  died ;  a:.^.  while  I  trod 
the  very  floor  of  the  room  in  which  he  breathed  his 
last,  I  seemed  to  be  walking  on  holy  ground.     The 
house  has  undergone  some  considerable  repairs,  but 
the  old  room  is  still  preserved ;   the  chair  in  which 
Mr.  Whitefield  died  is  in  the  Boston  Library.     One  of 
the  principal  bones  of  Whitefield's  right  arm  had  been 
missing  from  among  the  remains  for  a  number   of 
years -until  last  summer,  (1849)  when  the  minister 
of  the  church,  the  Rev.  Jonathan  F.  Stearns,  received 
a  letter  from  a  gentleman  in  England,  from  which  the 
following  is  an  extract :  — 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


109 


^P       ■       w/^ 


"Somo    years    ago,    a    brother    clergyman    was 
requested  to  obtain  an  original  letter  of  the  dear  and 
honored  Whitefield  for  me,  which  he  thought  he  could 
easily  do.    He  failed,  however,  in  the  attempt,  but,  to 
my  great  surprise  and  mortification,  sent  me  what  he 
called  a  precious  relic  of  the  holy  man  of  God,  one  of 
his  bones  !  and  precious  it  io,  but  it  was  of  too  sacred 
a  nature  to  expose  to  the  public  eye,  and  I  have  pre- 
served it,  hoping  to  restore  it  to  its  proper  place  with 
my  own  hands.     This  I  must  now  entrust  to  you,  and 
shall  be  happy  to  learn  from  you  that  it  has  been 
done." 

Mr.  Stearns  had  the  memorable  relic  conveyed  to 
the  vault  where  its  kindred  remains  lie,  on  the  27th 
of  September,  1849,  after  having  twice  crossed  the 
Atlantic,  and  performed  a  pilgrimage  of  at  least  a 
quarter  of  a  century. 

The  Rev.  George  Whitefield  was  one  of  the  earliest 
and  latest  friends  of  the  Wesleys,-one  of  that  little 
band  of  faithful  men  who  were  called  Methodists  at 
Oxford,  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  whose  names 
will  live  through  all  generations.     Whitefield  first 
arrived  in  this  country  in  the  year  1738.    He  landed 
in  Savannah,  Georgia,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  an 
orphan  house  a  few  miles  from  Savannali,  and  after- 
10 


110 


A  PEEP  AT 


wards  finished  it  at  a  great  expense.     He  returned  to 
England  the  same  year.     While  preaching  in  aid  of 
the  Orphan  House  Charity,  one  of  his  hearers  had 
gone  resolved  that  he  would  give  nothing ;  but  after 
hearing  the  preacher  a  little,  ho  determined  to  give 
what  copper  money  he  had.     Another  stroke  of  the 
preacher's   eloquence  made  him    ashamed   of   that 
intention,  and  he  determined  to  give  his  silver ;  but  so 
completely  was  he  won  over  by  the  admirable  conclu- 
sion of  the  sermon,  that  when  the  collector's  plate 
came  round,  he  emptied  his  pockets  of  copper,  silver, 
gold,  and  all.     In  1739,  Whitefield  visited  America 
again;  he  landed  at  Philadelphia,  and  began  to  preach 
in  different  churches.     In  this   and   his  subsequent 
visits  to  America,  he  visited  most  of  the   principal 
places.     Immense  numbers  flocked  to  hear  him  where- 
ever  he  preached.     Such  was  the  eagerness  of  the 
multitude  in  Philadelphia  to  listen  to  spiritual  instruc- 
tion, that  there  was  public  worship  regularly  twice  a 
day  for  a  year,  and  on  the  Lord's  day  it  was  celebra- 
ted three  or  four  times.     During  his  visit  to  Philadel- 
phia, he  preached  frequently  after  night  from  the 
gallery  of  the  Court  House.     So  loud  was  his  voice  at 
that  time  that  it  was  distinctly  heard  on  the  Jersey 
shore,  a  mile  distant.     ^Vhitefield  was  devoid  of  the 


UNCLt;  SAM'S  FARM. 


Ill 


spirit  of  sectarianism  ;  his  only  object  being  to 
"  preaca  Christ  and  him  crucified."  The  following 
striking  description  of  Whitefield  is  given  by  Mrs. 
Childs,  an  American  lady  of  great  talent,  now  living 
at  Brookline,  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  :  — 

''  There   was  nothing  in   the   appearance  of  this 
extraordinary  man  which  would  lead  you  to  suppose 
that  a  Felix  would  tremble  before  him.     Ho   was 
something  above  the  middle  stature,  well  proportioned, 
and  remarkable  for  a  native  gracefulness  of  manner. 
His  complexion  was  very  fair,  his  features  regular, 
and  his  dark  blue  eyes  small  and  lively  ;  in  recover- 
ing from  the  measles,  he  had  contracted  a  squint  with 
one  of  them,  but  this  peculia,rity  rather  rendered  the 
expression  of  his  countenance  more  rememberable, 
than  in  any  degree  lessened  the  effect  of  its  uncom- 
mon sweetness.     His  voice  excelled,  both  in  melody 
and  compass  ;  and  its  fine  modulations  were  happily 
accompanied  by  that  grace  of  action  which  he  pos- 
sessed  in  an  eminent  degree,  and  which  is  said  to  be 
the  chief  requisite  of  an  orator.     To  have  seeu  him 
when  he  first  commenced,  one  would  have  thought 
him  anything  but  enthusiastic  and  glowing  ;  but  as  he 
proceeded,  his  heart  warmed  with  his  subject,  and  his 
manner  became  impetuous  and  animated,  till,  forget- 


''C    * 


*:W 


11^ 


A  PEEP  AT 


ful  of  every  thing  around  him^  he  seemed  to  kneel  at 
the  throne  of  Jehovah,  and  to  beseech  in  agony  for 
his  fellow-beings. 

"  After  he  had  finished  his  prayer,  he  knelt  for  a 
long  time  in  profound  silence ;  and  so  powerfully  had 
it  affected  the  most  heartless  of  his  audience,  that  a 
stillness  like  that  of  the  tomb  pervaded  the  whole 
house. 

"Before  he  commenced  his  sermon,  long,  darkening 
columns  crowded  the  bright  sunny  sky  of  the  morn- 
ing, and  swept  their  dull  shadows  over  the  building, 
in  fearful  augury  of  the  storm. 

"  His  text  was :  *  Strive  to  enter  in  at  the  strait 
gate  ;  for  many,  I  say  unto  you,  shall  seek  to  enter  in, 
and  shall  not  be  able.* 

"  *  See  that  emblem  of  human  life,'  said  he,  as  he 
pointed  to  a  shadow  that  flitted  across  the  floor.  *  It 
passed  for  a  moment  and  concealed  the  brightness  of 
Heaven  from  our  view — but  it  is  gone.  And  where 
will  ye  be,  my  hearers,  when  your  lives  have  passed 
away  like  that  dark  cloud  ?  Ob,  my  dear  friends,  I 
see  thousands  sitting  attentive,  with  their  eyes  fixed 
on  the  poor,  unworthy  preacher.  In  a  few  days,  we 
shall  all  meet  at  the  judgment-seat  of  Christ.  We 
shall  form  a  part  of  that  vast  assembly  which  will 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


113 


# 


gather  before  his  throne  ;  and  every  eje  will  behold 
the  Judge.  With  a  voice  whose  call  you  must  abide 
and  answer,  he  will  inquire  whether  on  earth  ye 
strove  to  enter  in  at  the  strait  gate — whether  you 
were  supremely  devoted  to  God — whether  your 
hearts  were  absorbed  in  Him.  My  blood  runs  cold 
•  when  I  think  how  many  of  you  will  then  seek  to  enter 
in  and  shall  not  be  able.  Oh,  what  plea  can  you 
make  before  the  Judge  of  the  whole  earth  ?  Can  you 
say  it  has  been  your  whole  endeavor  to  mortify  the 
flesh,  with  its  affections  and  lusts  ?  That  your  life 
has  been  one  long  effort  to  do  the  will  of  God  ?  No ! 
you  must  answer,  I  made  myself  easy  in  the  world, 
by  flattering  myself  that  all  would  end  well ;  but  X 
have  deceived  my  own  soul,  and  am  lost. 

"  *  You,  oh,  false  and  hollow  Christian — of  what 
avail  will  it  be  that  you  have  done  many  things — 
read  much  in  the  sacred  Word  — that  you  have  made 
long  prayers — that  you  have  attended  religious 
duties,  and  appeared  holy  in  the  eyes  of  men  ? 
What  will  all  this  be,  if,  instead  of  loving  Him 
supremely,  you  have  been  supposing  you  should  exalt 
yourself  to  Heaven,  by  acts  really  polluted  and 
unholy  ? 

"  *  And  you,  rich  man,  wherefore  do  you  hoard 
10* 


114 


A  PEEP  AT 


your  silver  ?  Wherefore  count  the  price  you  have 
received  for  him  whom  you  every  day  crucify  in  your 
love  of  gain  ?  Why,  that  when  you  are  too  poor 
to  buy  a  drop  of  cold  water,  your  beloved  son  may  be 
rolled  to  hell  in  his  chariot  pillowed  and  cushioned 
about  him.' 

"  His  eye  gradually  lighted  up  as  he  proceeded,  till 
towards  the  close,  it  seemed  to  sparkle  with  celestial 
fire. 

"  *  Oh,  sinners ! '  he  exclaimed,  *  by  all  your 
hopes  of  happiness,  I  beseech  you  to  repent.  Let 
not  the  wrath  of  God  be  awakened !  Let  not  the 
fires  of  eternity  be  kindled  against  you !  See  there ! ' 
said  he,  pointing  to  the  lightning  which  played  on  the 
comer  of  the  pulpit.  V'Tis  a  glance  from  the  angry 
eye  of  Jehovah !  Hark! '  continued  he,  raising  his 
finger  in  a  listening  attitude,  as  the  distant  thunder 
grew  louder  and  louder,  and  broke  in  one  tremendous 
crash  over  the  building.  *  It  was  the  voice  of  the 
Almighty,  as  he  passed  by  in  his  anger ! ' 

"  As  the  sound  died  away,  he  covered  his  face,  and 
knelt  beside  the  pulpit,  apparently  lost  in  inward  and 
intense  prayer.  The  storm  passed  rapidly  by,  and 
the  sun,  bursting  forth  in  his  might,  threw  across  the 
heavens  a  magnificent  arch  -of  peace.    Rising,  and 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


115 


pointing  to  the  beautiful  object,  he  exclaimed,  *  Look 
upon  the  rainbow,  and  praise  him  that  made  it.  Very 
beautiful  it  is,  in  the  brightness  thereof.  It  compass- 
eth  the  heavens  about  with  glory ;  and  the  hands  of 
the  Most  High  have  bended  it ! '  " 
The  effect  was  irresistible. 

From  Newburyport  I  proceeded  to  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  which  is  the  principal  town  in  the 
State,  although  Concord  is  the  seat  of  government. 
Portsmouth  contains  a  population  of  about  15,000. 
Here  there  is  one  of  the  United  States  Navy  Yards. 
The  North  America,  the  first  line-of-battlo  ship 
launched  in  America,  was  built  here  during  the  revo- 
lution. From  Portsmouth  I  proceeded  to  Portland, 
visiting  all  the  intermediate  towns  as  far  as  Augusta, 
which  is  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Maine.  It  is  dis- 
tant from  Boston  165  miles,  and  situated  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Kennebec  river,  forty-three 
miles  from  the  sea.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
connected  by  a  bridge  520  feet  long ;  a  short  distance 
above  the  town,  a  dam  has  been  constructed  across 
the  river,  at  a  cost  of  $300,000,  forming  a 
very  extensive  water  power.  The  State  House 
is  a  spacious  and  elegant  structure,  built  of  white 


lie 


A  PEEP  AT 


granite,  located  upon  a  Jbeautiful  eminence,  and 
surrounded  with  trees.  On  the  east  bank  of  the 
river,  stands  one  of  the  United  States  arsenals,  a  very 
fine  building,  a  short  distance  from  which  is  the  State 
Insane  Hospital;  it  is  a  splendid  granite  edifice, 
occupying  a  plat  of  70  acres.  It  is  one  of  the  finest 
buildings  of  the  kind  I  have  seen  in  the  country. 
Ship-building  is  carried  on  more  extensively  in  this 
State  than  any  other  in  the  Union.  The  following  is 
the  number  of  ships  built  in  the  United  States  during 
the  years  1849  and  1850  :  — 


In  1849 

In  1850 

Ships, 

128 

247 

Brigs, 

184 

117 

Scliooners, 

623 

547 

Sloops  and  Canal  Boats,       547 

290 

Steamers, 

175 

159 

Total, 

1547 

1360 

Tonnage, 

256,577-47 

272,218.84 

Of  the  247  ships  built  in  185C,  Maine  constructed 
127  ;  of  the  117  brigs,  she  built  75  ;  and  of  the  547 
schooners,  115. 

The  total  amount  of  tonnage  employed  in  the 
United  States  in  1849,  was  3,334,015  tons. 

A  ship  is  now  building  at  New  York,  said  to  be  the 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


117 


largest  merchant  ship  in  the  world.  She  is  230  feet 
in  length,  42  breadth  of  beam,  25  1-2  depth  of  hold, 
and  clipper  built ;  she  will  be  25  feet  longer  than  any 
merchant  vessel  sailing  from  that  port.  All  the  prin- 
cipal pieces  are  to  be  of  live  oak,  and,  what  is  alto- 
gether novel  in  the  construction  of  American  merchant- 
men, a  system  of  iron  lattice-work,  or  diagonal  iron 
bracing,  is  to  be  introduced,  with  a  view  to  secure  the 
greatest  practicable  degree  of  strength.  She  is  to 
be  finished  in  about  six  months,  and  will  run  from 
New  York  to  Canton,  via  California,  and  thence 
home,  completing  the  circuit  of  the  globe  with  each 
trip.     She  will  measure  near  2,500  tons. 

The  number  of  light-houses  in  the  United  States  is 
288,  and  32  floating-lights;  61  of  which  are  on  the 
northern  lakes. 

The  Secretary  of  State  has  communicated  to  the 
two  Houses  a  list  of  the  number  of  seamen  registered 
in  the  United  States  for  the  past  fiscal  year,  of  which 
the  subjoined  is  a  recapitulation :  — 


118 


A  PEEP  AT 

State. 

Natives.        Naturaliaed. 

Total. 

Maine, 

1058 

16 

1074 

New  Hampshire, 

69 

__ 

69 

Massachusetts, 

4062 

120 

4182 

Rhode  Island, 

576 

6 

582 

Connecticut, 

38 

1 

39 

New  York, 

2011 

1 

2012 

New  Jeriey 

4 

__ 

4 

Delaware, 

6 

1 

7 

Maryland, 

711 

23 

734 

District  of  Columbia, 

4 

— 

4 

Virginia, 

431 

_„ 

431 

North  Carolina, 

22 

N-va 

22 

Georgia, 

134 

5 

139 

Louisiana, 

664 

56 

720 

Florida, 

53 

12 

65 

Aggregate  totals,      9843 


241 


10,084 


It  is  calculated  that  the  division  of  the  occupations 
of  men  in  the  United  States  is  nearly  in  the  following 
proportions :  — 


Number  engaged 

in  internal  navigation, 

33,076 

«                 u 

on  the  ocean, 

56,021 

it                    u 

in  the  learned  professions. 

65,255 

l(                         (C 

commerce. 

119,607 

K                       l( 

manufactures. 

791,749 

((                       C( 

agriculture, 

3,719,951 

UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


119 


'I 


ions 
ving 


Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  those  who  are  engaged  in 
agriculture  are  three  and  a  half  times  greater  in  num- 
ber than  those  in  all  the  other  divisions. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  State  of  Maine  I  found  a 
very  hospitable  and  generous-hearted  people.  The 
manners  of  the  American  people  generally  are  very 
cold  and  reserved,  and  there  is  a  great  want  of  that 
politeness  which  is  exhibited  among  the  English 
people.  That  open-hearted,  unreserved  social  inter- 
course, to  which  the  people  of  Newfoundland  are 
accustomed,  is  almost  unknown  in  this  country. 

The  American  people,  generally,  are  a  moral  and 
highly  intelligent  people  ;  in  this  respect,  superior  to 
the  masses  of  Europe.  Book  pedlars,  newspaper 
agents,  tract  distributors,  and  colporters,  are  to  be 
found  every  where,  going  from  house  to  house.  In 
this  way,  a  vast  amount  of  useful  information  and 
general  literature  is  scattered  broadcast  over  the 
country,  and  brought  within  the  reach  of  those  who 
otherwise  probably  would  have  never  become  possessed 
of  it. 

The  following  are  the  rates  of  wages  in  the  New 
England  States  :  Day-laborers  get  one  dollar  per  day ; 
servant-girls  from  two  to  four  dollars  per  week; 
tradesmen  from  one  to  two  dollars  per  day ;  clerks 


r' 


120 


A  PEEP  AT 


H 


from  $150  to  $400  per  annum ;  book-keepers  from 
$400  to  $1,200  per  annum.  Ministers  of  every 
denomination  are  paid  by  their  respective  congrega- 
tions from  $200  to  $3000  per  annum.  Dry  goods 
and  provisions  are  at  a  lower  price  than  in  any  of  the 
British  Colonies. 

The  first  week  in  May  I   spent  in  the  city  of 
Worcester,    attending    the   annual  meeting  of  the 
"  League  of  Universal  Brotherhood,"  preparatory  to 
Elihu  Burritt's  departure  for  London  to  attend  the 
great  Peace  Bazaar.     The  bazaar  was  opened  in  the 
Hall  of  Commerce,  London,  on  the  30th  May,  and 
continued   three. days.     This   demonstration  far  ex- 
ceeded the  expectations  of  its  best  friends.     Stalls  for 
the   sale   of  the  various  articles  were   appropriated 
to   different  countries.       Thus  there   were  English 
stalls,  Scottish  stalls,  American,  French,  German  and 
Belgian  stalls.     Most  of  the  articles  contributed  for 
the   American  stalls   were    given   by    the    Ladies' 
"  Olive  Leaf  Circles."  Ladies'  <' Olive  Leaf  Circles" 
have  been  formed  in   all    the   principal    towns   of 
England,   Scotland,  and  America.      The   object  of 
these  societies  is  to  raise  funds  to  circulate  a  little 
book  called  the   "  Olive  Leaf,"   written   by  Elihu 
Burritt,   containing   information  on  peace,    in    the 


1^ 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


I 


121 


French  and  German  languages,  as  well  as  to  open  a 
correspondence  with  each  other.  These  raessengera 
of  peace  are  now  being  circulated  hy  thousands  Tver 
the  continent  of  Europe. 

The  «  League  of  Universal  Brotherhood"  origina- 
ted with  Elihu  Burritt.  The  following  is  the  pledge 
of  Universal  Brotherhood,  which  was  drawn  up  by 
Elihu  Burritt  during  his  visit  to  EnMand  in 
1846:  — 

PLEDGE. 

"  Believing  all  war  to  be  inconsistent  with  the  spirit  of  Christianity, 
and  destructive  of  the  best  interests  of  mankind,  I  do  hereby  pledge 
myself  never  to  enlist  or  enter  into  any  army  or  navy,  or  tc  yield 
any  voluntary  support  or  sanction  to  the  preparation  for  or  pro- 
secution  of  any  war,  by  whomsoever,  or  for  whatsoever  proposed, 
declared,  or  waged.    And  I  do  hereby  associate  myself  with  all 
persons,  of  whatever  country,  condition,  or  color,  who  have  signed 
or  shall   hereafter  sign  this  pledge,  in  a  'LEAGUE  OF  UNI 
VERSAL  BROTHERHOOD,'  whose  object  shall  be  to  employ, 
all  legitimate  and  moral  means  for  the  abolition  of  all  war,  and  all 
the  spirit  and  all  the  manifestations  of  war,  throughout  the  world ;' 
for  the  abolition  of  all  restrictions  upon  international  correrpond- 
ence  and  friendly  intercourse,  and  of  whatever  else  tends  to  make 
enemies  of  nations,  or  prevents   their  fusion  into  one  peaceful 
brotherhood ;  for  the  abolition  of  all  institutions  and  customs  which 
do  not  recognize  and  respect  the  image  of  God  and  a  human  bro- 
ther in  every  man,  of  whatever  clime,  color,    or  condition  of 
humanity." 

11 


122 


.A  PEEP  AT 


i. 


Upwards  of  30,000  persons  have  signed  the  pledge 
in  the  United  States.  Leagues  have  been  formed  in 
all  the  principal  towns  of  Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany,  and  America,  and  addresses  on  the  subject 
passed  between  each  other.  The  first  peace  congress 
met  in  London,  in  1846  ;  the  second  peace  congress 
met  in  Brussels,  in  1847  ;  and  in  the  month  of 
August,  1849,  the  third  congress  met  in  Paris. 
France,  Germany,  Belgium,  England  and  the  United 
States  were  there  represented  by  large  numbers  of 
men,  eminent  in  business,  in  politics,  in  literature,  in 
religion,  and  in  philanthropy  ;  the  Catholic  archbishop 
of  Paris,  and  the  eloquent  protestant  preacher,  M. 
Cocquerel ;  Michael  Chevalier,  Horace  Say,  and  F. 
Basteat,  distinguished  political  economists ;  Emile  de 
Girardin,  the  most  important  political  editor  of 
France ;  Yictor  Hugo,  illustrious  in  her  literature ; 
Bicbard  Cobden,  the  well-known  British  statesman; 
Elihu  Burritt,  the  renowned  American  linguist  and 
philanthropist;  anl  the  celebrated  Lamartine.  The 
fourth  and  last  peace  congress  met  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Maine,  in  Germany,  on  the  22d  of  August  last, 
(185C.)  M.  Jaub,  ex-minister  of  the  State  of  Darm- 
stadt was  appointed  president  of  the  congress.  Among 
other  eminent  men  who  were  present  from  Great 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARJf. 


128 


Britain,   were   Richard   Cobdon,    C.  Hindloj,   and 
J.  B.  Smith,   members   of  the   British  Parliament; 
Joseph  Sturgo,  Rev.  J.  Burnet,  E.  Miall,  editor  of 
the   Nonconformist,   G.    Dawson,    &c.,   &c.     From 
America  there  were  Professor  Ilitshcock,  the  eminent 
geologist.  Dr.  Puller,  Professor  Cleveland,  Rev.  Mark 
Trafton,  Methodist  minister,  the  world-renowned  Eliha 
Burrifc,  Rev.  G.  Garnett,  a  colored  man,  Rev.  G. 
Copwaj,   (Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh)   one   of   the    red 
Indians  of  America,  whose  appearance  in  the  congress, 
attired   in   his    costume    as  a  chief,  excited   great 
interest,  and  many  others.     From  France  there  were 
M.  Emile  de  Girardin,  J.  Gamier,  M.  Guillaumin, 
and  others.     From  Brussels,  M.  Visschers.     From 
Amsterdam,  M.   Suringar,  and  M.  Druka.      Pro- 
fessor Liebig,   the   celebrated  chemist,  was  at  the 
meeting.      A  very  interesting  letter  was  also  read 
from  the   Catholic  archbishop  of  Paris,  giving  his 
cordial    approval  of   the    object   of   the    congress. 
The  most  unexpected  visitor  to  the  peace  congress 
was  General  Ilaynau,  the  "  Austrian  butcher,' °who 
listened  to  several  speeches.    During  the  third  sitting 
of  the  congress,  a  proposition  was  made  by  Schles- 
wig-Holstein  to  appoint  a  committee  to  decide  the 
merits  of  their  present  dispute  with  Denmark,  and 


124 


A  PEEP  AT 


lift 


' 


offering  to  submit  to  the  arbitration  of  the  congress. 
The  committee,  however,  decided  that  in  consequence 
of  the  proposition  coming  from  only  one  party,  they 
could  not  interfere.  But  that  if  Denmark  and  Ilol- 
btein  were  to  unite  in  such  a  proposal,  the  congress 
-would  engage  to  find  an  arbitrator.  After  the 
termination  of  the  peace  congress,  Elihu  Bunitt, 
Joseph  Sturgc,  and  Frederick  Wheeler  visited  the 
two  governments  of  Schlcswig-IIolstcin  and  Denmark, 
by  whom  they  Avero  received  in  the  most  courteous 
manner.  Denmark  could  not  exactly  comply  with 
the  terms  of  arbitration  proposed  by  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  and  so  the  matter  rests.  There  is  no  doubt, 
however,  but  that  the  object  of  the  visit  of  these  bene- 
volent men  would  have  been  accomplished  but  for  the 
interference  of  the  great  powers  of  Europe. 

At  the  peaco  congr  ;ss  at  Frankfort,  Mr.  Cobden 
read  a  letter  from  Baron  Von  Be  den,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  statistical  authorities  in  Europe,  in  which  he 
estimates  the  armed  force  of  the  European  States, 
including  all  persons  who  are  paid  out  of  the  appro- 
priations to  the  army  and  navy,  in  numbers  about 
4,000,000  men.  Assuming  the  whole  population  of 
Europe  to  have  been,  in  1840,  257,000,000,  then, 
according  to  elaborate  investigation,  he  estimates  the 


WCIE  SAM'S  FARM. 


125 


males  of  this  number  at    128,120,000,    of  which 
10,678,000   are   between    twenty  and  thirtythree. 
lloel^oning  one-third  of  these  as  incapable  of  service, 
7,118,000   would  remain,  more  than  half  of  which 
number  are  actually  enrolled.     The  labor  of  a  man 
for  a  year  is  worth,  on  an  average,  60  thalers.     Thus 
the  withdrawal  of  400,000  young  men  from  labor  i. 
an  actual  loss  of  240,000,000  thalers  per  annum.  The 
annual  expenditure  of  the  European  States  upon  their 
land  and  sea  forces  and  fortiBcations,  he  says,  is,  in 
ordmary  times,  something  over  -541,188,000  thalers  • 
which,  added   to  the  loss  of  240,000,000  in  labor' 
amounts  to  881,000,000,  or  a  sum  equal  to  the  value 
of  the  annual  product  of  all  the  mines  in  Europe. 
The  whole  . '      ..  expenditure,  during  thirty  years  of 
peace,  ha    been  16,230,000,000  thalers.     One  third 
of  this  sum  would  have  constructed  15,028  miles  of 
raalwav,  or  from  thirteen  to  fourteen  times  as  man,  «a 
are  now  completed  in  Germany. 

A  French  paper  publishes  a  statement  of  loss 
of  life  and  the  cost  of  wars  of  Europe  in  1849 
remarking  that  the  calculation  is  beLw  the  cost,  and 
that  It  does  not  include  the  Schleswig  war,  which  was 
both  bloody  and  expensive,  but  concerning  which 
there  is  insufficient  data  to  estimate  correctly.  The 
11* 


1126 


A  PEEP  AT 


loss  of  life  is  set  down  at' 151,812,  of  which  62,000 

was  in  the  Hungarian  war,  31,023  in  the  Italian,  and 

23,000  in  Naples  and  Sicily. 
The  cost  in  money  was  ^^336,400,000,  of  which 

Austria  incurred  $125,400,000 ;  France   $85,800,- 

000  ;  and  Russia  $100,000,000. 

It  is  estimated  that  all  the  agricultural  labor  done 

in  England,  in  1848,  cost  ^£18,200,000.     Official 

letters  show  that  the  cost  of  her  army  establishment 
for  the  same  year,  was  £18,500,000.  That  is, 
£800,000,  or  a  million  and  a  half  of  dollars,  more  are 
paid  for  preparations  for  consuming  and  impoverishing 
war,  than  for  all  her  golden  harvests,  and  to  the 
700,000  laborers  who  produce  them. 

Elihu  Burrit  says  —  "  Look  at  the  fortunes  which 

nations  have  squandered  away  in  the    sanguinary 

litigation    of  the  sword.    Take   Great    Britain  for 

instance.     Her  wars  with  the  neighboring  nations, 

from    1688    to  1815,  cost    her    £3,383,022,500, 

including  the  interest  she  has  paid  on  money  borrowed 

for  the  work  of  human  slaughter.     How  can  we 

measure  this  vast  amount  thus  wasted?      Let  us 

weigh  it  in  pure  gold,  and  we  shall  find  it  weighs 

73,543,967  pounds  troy.     It  would  require  36,770 

able-bodied  men  to  carry  it  from  the  mint,  each 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


127 


2,000 
1,  and 

which 
,800,-    ' 

r  done 
3fficial 
3hment 
hat  is. 
Die  are 
rishing 
to  the 

1  which 
quinary 
ain  for 
nations, 
22,600, 
arrowed 
can  we 

Let  us 
C  weighs 

36,770 
Lt,  each 


having  200  pounds,  or  9200  sovereigns  in  his  sack. 
Placed  in  a  line  of  sovereigns,  each  touching  the 
other,  and  averaging  three-fourths  of   an  inch  in 
diameter,  they  would  reach  484,330  miles,  or  twenty 
times  around  the  globe  at  the  equator.     It  would 
require  313  men  to  count  it  in  a  year,  each  counting 
at  sixty  sovereigns  a  second,  working  ten  hours  a  day, 
and  300  days  in  a  year.      The  wages  of  laborers 
in  Great  Britain,  including  old  and  young,  women 
and  children,  will  not  average  over  10«.  a  week. 
Then,  at  this  rate  of  wages,  it  would  take  13,011,621 
laborers    ten   years    to   earn  what    Great    Britain 
expended  in  the  litigation  of  the  battle-field  from  1688 
to  1815.     It  would  require  620  ships  to  convey  that 
amount  in  silver,   each  freighted  with   1000    tons 
of  that  precious  metal.     Surely,  war  is  the  consum- 
mation of  all  human  follies,  waste  and  profligacy. 

"  Here  are  a  few  of  the  reminiscences  of  war 
entirely  shorn  of  poetry.  They  are  bloody  witnesses, 
and  let  them  testify.  In  the  periodical  butcheries  in 
the  human  family,  the  following  hecatombs  have  been 
offered  up  to  that  god  of  battles  which  Christians  and 
Pagans  have  worshipped  with  the  same  devotion :  — 


128 


A  PEEP  AT 


r 


l\ 


Loss  of  life  in  the  Jewish  Wars, 

25,000,000 

By  wars  in  the  time  of  Sesostris, 

15,000,000 

By  those  of  Serairamis,  Cyrus,  &  Alexander, 

30,000,000 

By  Alexander's  successors. 

20,000,OQP 

Grecian  Wars, 

15,000,000 

Wars  of  the  twelve  Caesars, 

30,000,000 

Roman  wars  before  Julius  Caesar, 

60,000,000 

Wars  of  the  Roman  Empire,  Turks  and 

Saracens, 

180,000,000 

Wars  of  the  Reformation, 

30,000,000 

Wars  of  the  middle  ages,  and  nine  crusades. 

80,000,000 

Tartar  and  African  Wars, 

180,000,000 

American  Indians  destroyed  by  the 

Spaniards, 

12,000,000 

Wars  of  Napoleon, 

6,000,000 

683,000,000 

"  The  above  is  a  mere  extract  from  the  bloody 
statistics  of  glorious  war  ;  one  chapter  in  the  annals 
of  the  violence,  crime,  and  misery  that  have  followed 
in  the  foot-prints  of  the  great  destroyer.  The  loss  of 
souls  is  entered  where  human  eyes  may  not  read  the 
list.  Dr.  Dick  estimates  the  number  of  those  who 
have  perished  directly  and  indirectly  by  war  at  four- 
teen thousand  millions,  or  about  one-tenth  of  the 
human  race.     Edmund  Burke  placed  the  number  at 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


129 


thirty-five  thousand  millions.     Taking  the  estimate  of 
^r.   Dick,   and   assuming  the   average  quantity  of 
blood  in  a  common-sized  person,  the  veins  of  these 
14,000,000,000  would  fill  a  circular  lake  of  more  than 
seventeen  miles  in  circumference,  ten  feet  deep,  in 
which  all  the  navies  of  the  world  might  float !     Sup- 
posing these  slaughtered  millions  to  average  each 
four  feet  in  length,  if  placed  in  a  row  they  would 
reach  nearly  422  times  around  the  earth,  and  four  times 
around  the  sun.     Supposing  they  average  130  pounds 
•^^ii,  then  they  would  form  a  globe  of  human  flesh 
ot  nearly  a  mile  in  diameter,  weighing  1,820,000,- 
000,000  pounds  — fourteen  times  more  than  all  the 
human  beings  now  living  on  tL.  -Icoe. 
^  What  a  spectacle  to  the  eyes  of  Him,  with  whom 
time  and  eternity,  things  present,  past,  and  to  come, 
are  one  omnipresent  Now !  with  whom  all  the  actions 
and  conditions  of  his  creatures  are  not  matters  of 
memory,  or  prescience,  but  of  clear  and  consentaneous 
vision  !  Not  a  drop  of  that  sea  of  blood  has  evaporated 
from  the  sight  of  that  all-seeing  eye.     Its  red,  putrid, 
vapor  is  still  going  up  into  the  nostrils  of  the  God 
of  peace.     Before  him  that  solid  globe  of  human  flesh 
revolves,  in  its  crimson  atmosphere,  a  horrid  satellite 
around  the  green  earth  he  made  for  man.     Oh, 


ssss 


130 


A  PEEP  AT 


Christian !  disciple  of  the  tiieek  and  lowly  Jesus,  look 
at  'hat  blood-dripping  planet !  It  is  the  flesh  of  the 
tenth  part  of  your  race.  Shall  its  purple  surface 
swell  with  more  butcheries  of  God's  human  children  ? 
Look  into  that  dead  sea  of  blood ;  shall  it  be  deepened 
and  widened  from  the  veins  of  more  victims  to  the 
destroyer  of  mankind  ?  If  not,  say  so.  Say  it  in  the 
majesty  of  your  Master's  spirit.  Let  the  Christians 
of  Christendom  say  to  the  world,  that  all  war  is  a  vast 
and  unmitigated  violation  of  the  spirit  and  pre- 
cepts of  the  gospel,  and  the  principalities  and  the 
powers  of  the  earth  would  soon  bow  to  the  name  of 
Jesus,  and  nations  learn  war  no  more. 

"  During  the  last  century  or  two,  there  have  been 
twenty-four  wars  between  England  and  France,  twelve 
between  England  and  Scotland,  eight  between  Eng- 
land and  Spain,  seven  between  England  and  other 
nations  —  in  all  51.  The  ascertained  amount,  though 
doubtless  far  below  the  actual  amount  of  British 
money  expended  during  the  last  six  great  wars,  was 
as  follows :  — 


1.  War  ending  1697, 

2.  War  ending  1712, 

3.  War  ending  1737, 

4.  War  ending  1756, 

5.  American  war  of  1775, 

6.  War  from  1793  to  1815, 


£21,500,000 

48,000,000 

46,000,000 

111,000,000 

139,000,000 

850,000,000 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


131 


These  wars  have  also  cost  other  nations  much.    The 
last  one,  besides  burthening  Britain  to  the  amount  of 
.£850,000,000,  cost  France  £690,000,000,  Austria 
£220,000,000,  the  rest  of  Europe  £1,012,000,000, 
the  United  States  of  America  £27,000,000  ;  total' 
£2,799,000,000  ;  a  sum  which  probably  falU  consid- 
erably below  the  actual  cost  of  those  wars ;  nor  should 
we  over-estimate  their  cost  by  putting  it  (reckoning 
one  pound  sterling  five  dollars,  or  a  little  less  )   at 
$15,000,000,000,  all  wasted,  worse  than  wasted,  by 
men  calling  themselves  Christians,  for  the  purpose  of 
plundermg  and  destroying  other  Christians.     Since 
the  great  religious  Reformation  Great  Britain  has 
spent  sixty-five  years  in  war,  and  sixtytwo  in  peace. 
She   ben-owed  in  seven  wars,  which  occupied  the 
sixlyfive  years,   £834,000,000.      In  the  same  time 
she  raised  by  taxes  £1,189,000,000,  thus  forming  a 
total  expenditure   of  $8,982,120,000.     This  cnor 
mous  sum,  extorted  from  the  strained  sinews  of  labor 
would    have    constructed    fifteen   railways    around 
the  globe,  allowing  $25,000  per  mile !      To  raise 
another  such  sum  would  require  a  tax  of  $10  on 
every  human  being  on  the  globe.     The  interest  of  this 
t  1  for  one  month  at  5  per  cent,  exceeds  the  amount 
contributed  by  the  whole  Christian  world  for  preach 


132 


A  PEEP  AT 


r  •[ 


i^fi  I 


ing  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  to  the  heathen  for  the 
last  thousand  years."  Macaulay  says :  In  1684,  the 
whole  non-effective  charge,  military  and  naval,  of 
Great  Britain,  can  scarcely  have  exceeded  X10,000 
a  year.  It  now  exceeds  £10,000  a  day;  and  ^ 
Charles  Sumner,  the  eloquent  author  of  the  "  Grand- 
eur of  Nations,"  says  :  — 

<'  By  a  table  of  the  expenditures  of  the  United 
States,  exclusive  of  payments  on  account  of  the  public 
debt,  it  appears  that,  in  the  fifty-three  years  from  the 
formation  of  our  present  Government,  in  1789,  down 
to  1843,  there  have  been  jf246,620,055  spent  for 
civil  purposes,  comprehending  the  expenses  of  the 
executive,  the  legislative,  the  judiciary,  the  post- 
office,  light-houses,  and  intercourse  with  foreign 
governments.  During  this  same  period  there  have 
been  $368,526,594  devoted  to  the  military  establish- 
ment, and  1170,437,685  to  the  naval  establishment ; 
the  two  forming  an  aggregate  of  $538,964,278. 
Deducting  from  this  sum  the  appropriations  during 
three  years  of  war,  and  we  shall  find  that  more  than 
four  hundred  millions  were  absorbed  by  vain  prepara- 
tions in  time  of  peace  for  war.  Add  to  this  amount 
a  moderate  sum  for  the  expenses  of  the  militia  during 
the  same  period,  which   a  candid  and  able  writer 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


138 


places  at  present  at  ^50,000,000  a  year ;  for  the 
past  years  we  may  take  an  average  of  $25,000,000, 
and  we  shall  have  the  enormous  sum  of  $1, 335,000,- 
000  to  be  added  to  the  $400,000,000;  the  whole 
amounting  to  seventeen  hundred  and  th'  ty-five  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  a  sum  beyond  the  conception  of 
human  faculties,  sunk  under  the  sanction  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  in  mere  peaceful  pre- 
parations for  war ;  more  than  seven  times  as  much  as 
was  dedicated  by  the  Government  during  the  same 
period  to  all  other  purposes  whatsoever." 

The  number  of  militia  in  the  United  States  in 
1850,  was  1,914,101 ;  regular  army,  12,326,  includ- 
ing officers.  Of  these,  7,696  are  undo?  orders  for 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  California,  and  Oregon,  thus 
leaving  but  4,530  in  all  the  rest  of  the  States  and 
Territories. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  the  navy  of  the  United  States  now  consists 
of:  — 


Ships-of-the-liae, 

Razee, 

Frigates, 

Sloops-of-war, 

Brigs, 

Schooners, 

12 


7 

I 

12 

21 

4 
2 


Hi 


134 


A  PEEP  AT 


Steam-frigates,  5 

Steamers,  of  the  first-class,  3 

Steamers,  less  than  first-class,  6 

Store-ships,  0 

Of  these  there  are  in  commission  :  — 

Razee, 

Frigates, 

Sloops-of-war, 

Brigs, 

Schooners,  (coast  survey) 

Steam-frigates, 

Steamer  of  the  first-class. 

Steamers,  less  than  the  first-class, 

Ships-of-the-line,  (as  receiving  ships) 

Steamer,  " 

Sloop,  „  « 

There  are  also  on  the  stocks  four  ships-of-the-line  and 
two  frigates. 

There  is  also  a  contingent  naval  force  of  vessels, 
owned  by  individuals,  but  built  by  contracts  with  the 
Government,  and  employed  in  the  transportation  of 
the  mail,  and  liable  to  be  taken  in  any  emergency  at 
valuation,  and  converted  into  vessels  of  war»  Thia 
force,  comprising  four  steamers  of  the  first  class,  is 
employed  on  the  line  between  New  York  and  Liver- 
pool. A  fifth  is  contracted  for,  but  not  constructed. 
One  steamer  of  the  first  class  between  New  York  and 


1 

7 
15 
4 
2 
2 
1 
3 
3 
1 
1 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FABM. 


lad 


Panama.  A  second  steamer  on  this  line  has  been 
brought  into  use,  but  has  not  been  finished  so  as  to 
undergo  inspection  and  be  received.  The  contract  on 
this  line,  as  on  that  to  Liverpool,  provides  for  five 
steamships. 

The  Secretary  recommends  the  appointment  of  two 
rear-admirals,  in  order  that  the  officers  of  the  Ameri- 
can navy  may  rank  with  the  naval  officers  of  the 
other  maritime  powers. 

The  peace  question  is  making  great  progress  in 
America ;  some  of  the  leading  men  of  the  country 
are  advocating  it.  At  the  public  meeting  held  in  the 
month  of  May  last,  in  Boston,  for  the  purpose  of 
selecting  delegates  to  represent  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts, his  excellency  Governor  Briggs  presided, 
and  delivered  an  effective  and  eloquent  speech ;  and 
I  attended  a  peace  meeting  in  the  city  of  Roxbury 
with  Elihu  Burritt,  where  General  Dearborn  took  the 
chair,  and  made  a  noble  speech,  denouncing  all  war. 
Elihu  Burritt  is  now  in  Hamburgh,  still  absorbed  with 
his  one  idea,  his  big  thought,  Universal  Peace  and 
Brotherhood.  The  next  peace  congress  is  to  be  held 
in  the  city-world  of  London,  during  the  great 
"  Exhibition  of  all  Nations."  The  American  Govern- 
ment have  decided  to  freight  the  "  Pennsylvania," 


186 


A  PEEP  AT 


the  largest  ship  in  the  American  navy,  with  the  pro- 
ducts of  American  genius  and  manufacture,  for  the 
Exhibition  of  all  Nations,  in  London.  This  great 
man-of-war  was  built  some  years  ago  at  Philadelphia, 
and  cost  about  $800,000.  She  has  ncVcr  yet  made 
a  voyage.  Her  first  voyage,  then,  will  not  be  to 
produce  desolation  and  death,  but  to  exhibit  the  arts 
of  peaceful  and  happy  industry  of  the  country  to 
which  she  belongs. 

My  home  for  the  present  is  the  city  of  Worcester, 
which  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts. It  is  called  the  ^*  Heart  of  the  Common- 
wealth," and  contains  a  population  of  over  17,000 
inhabitants.  It  is  the  centre  of  a  great  inland  trade, 
and  of  an  important  railroad  communication ;  which 
makes  it  one  of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  in  the 
country,  and  contributes  much  to  its  growth  and  pros- 
perity. It  has  railroads  diverging  from  it  in  almost 
every  point  of  the  compass. 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


187 


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188 


A  PEEP  AT 


The  following  is  the  number  of  miles  of  railroad  laid 
out  in  the  Umted  States :  — 

New  England  States. 


Massachusetts, 

1049 

New  Hampshire, 

416 

Rhode  Island, 

64 

Connecticut, 

446 

Vermont, 

287 

Maine, 

202 

\ 

2464 

Middle  States. 

New  York, 

1306 

Pennsylvania, 

613 

Delaware, 

39 

Maryland, 

316 

New  Jersey, 

236 

2510 


Southern  States. 

Georgia, 

665 

"Virginia, 

336 

North  Carolina, 

264 

South  Carolina, 

226 

Alabama, 

68 

1549 


UNCLE  SAMS  FARM. 


189 


Ohio, 

Michigan, 

Illinois, 

Indiana, 

Louisiana, 


Western  States. 


KcntucLy, 
Tennessee, 


390 

343 

105 

IDS 

70 

70 

M 

10 

1 144 


Total  number  .(  ^nih^    f  railroad  in  the  United  States,  7677    • 

A  wrifcer  in  the  Mobile  Hei  aid  and  Tribune  makes 
use  of  the  following  statement,  as  showing  the  bene- 
ficial result  of  combining  capital  with  labor  :— 

Georgia  has  640  miles  railroad,  costing  $11,500,> 
000  —  138  miles  of  which  were  built  by  the  State  at 
a  cost  of  $3,500,000  ;  South  Carolina  has  244  miles 
costing  $65,000,000 ;  Virginia  has  473  miles,  cost- 
ing  «T,000,000,  and  a  general  law  authorizing  the 
subscription  on  the   part  of  the  State  of  two-fifths  of 
any  railroad   chartered  and  built  within   the  State  • 
Maryland  571  miles,  built  and  building,  at  a  coct  of 
$22,000,000,  upwards  of  $5,000,000  of  which  the 
State  has  finished  by  the  loan  of  State  bonds  ;  Penn- 
sylvania  1,050  miles,  costing  $35,000,000  —  82  miles 
of  it  were  built  by  the  State,  at  a  cost  of  $4,225,000 ; 


140 


A  PEEP  AT 


ill 


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New  Jersey,  206  miles,  costing  $6,800,000;  New 
York,  1,009  miles,  costing  $35,637,000,  of  which  the 
State  has  finished,  by  loans  and  gift,  over  $4,000,000 ; 
Massachusetts,  954  miles,  costing  $46,700,000,  of 
which  nearly  $6,000,000  have  been  furnished  by  the 
State,  $1,000,000  in  stock  subscription,  and  $5,000,- 
000  by  a  loan  of  the  State  bonds ;  New  Hampshire, 
212  miles,  costing  $7,700,000 ;  Ohio,  429  miles, 
built  and  building,  at  a  cost  of  $8,400,000  ;  Michi- 
gan, 355  miles,  at  a  cost  of  $8,100,000,  about  $6,- 
000,000  of  which  were  furnished  by  the  State ;  — 
making  together  in  eleven  States,  6,042  miles  of  rail- 
road, upon  which  there  are  daily  at  work  750  locomo- 
tive engines  and  about  24,000  men,  doing  an  amount 
of  work  which,  if  it  were  possible  to  be  done  in  twice 
the  time  by  horses  and  men,  would  require  1,400,000 
horses,  and  350,000  men.  The  labor  performed  by 
these  750  engines  and  24,000  men,  in  one  year  costs 
the  United  States  $36,600,000,  all  of  it  being  done 
in  time  totally  impracticable  by  any  other  mode.  But 
suppose  the  year's  work  was  done  in  the  old  way  by 
horses  and  men  in  five  years,  requiring  100,000  horses 
and  25,000  men  constantly  at  work,  then  the  cost 
would  be  $95,000,000,  or  $58,400,000  more  than 
the  existing  railroads  in  four-fifths  less  time.    This 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


141 


«58,400,000  is  all  of  it  the  indirect  advantage  to  the 
public  for  which  nothing  is  asked  or  paid.     The  capital 
employed  in  building.the  roads,  assumed  at  an  average 
of  $30,000  per  mile,  and  amounting  in  the  aggregat*e, 
for  6,042  miles,  to   $181,260,000,  is  fully  compen- 
sated, and  all  expenses  of  transportation,  repairs,  and 
wear  and  tear,  paid  in  the  sum  of  $36,600,000, 
a<5tually  charged  and  paid  for  the  work  done.     Thus 
showing  the  annual  public  gain  to  be,  through  the 
labor-saving  capacity  of  railroads,  over  thirty  per  cent, 
of  the  capital  invested,  or,  in  other  terms,  $9,664 
per  mile. 

The  city  of  Worcester  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a 
valley,  surrounded   by  hills  of  slight  acclivity.    It 
is  abundantly  supplied  with  water,  brought  through 
an  aqueduct  from  the  neighboring  hills.     The  most 
important  street  is  called  Main  Street,  one  hundred 
feet  wide,  shaded  on  either  side  with  chestnut,  elm, 
maple,  oak,  and  a  variety  of  other  trees ;  it  is  two 
mUes  long,  lined  with  elegant  brick  and  stone  build- 
ings.    There  is  one  Episcopal  Church,  two  Metho- 
dist, one  Roman  Catholic,  and  four  Congregation- 
alist;  besides  which,  there  are  a  number  of  churches 
belonging  to  other  denominations.       The   CathoHc 
College  of  the  Holy  Cross  was  founded  by  the  late 


^^nm^^^mmK^ 


142 


A  PEEP  AT 


111 


Bishop  Fenwick,  of  Boston.  It  is  under  the  care 
of  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  and  de- 
signed for  the  education  of  young  men  for  an  eccle- 
siastical or  professional  course  of  life.  It  is  beauti- 
fully situated  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  about  a  half  mile 
from  the  city.  A  farm  of  ninety  acres  is  attached  to 
it.  The  Roman  Catholic  population  of  Massachusetts, 
according  to  the  census  of  1850,  is  180,000.  The 
Diocese  of  Boston  comprises  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  and  Vermont.  It  was  created 
in  1808. 

Worcester  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  New 
England.  As  many  of  my  distant  readers  may  not 
know  what  is  meant  by  New  England,  I  must  inform 
them  that  New  England  comprises  six  States,  viz. : 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  and  Vermont.  The  State  Lunatic 
Asylum,  at  Worcester,  is  one  of  the  best  institutions 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  con- 
sists of  centre  buildings,  76  feet  long  and  40  wide, 
and  four  stories  high.  At  each  end  of  the  wings  are 
two  other  buildings,  134  feet  long  and  34  feet  wide, 
•forming,  with  the  main  building,  three  sides  of  a  spa- 
cious square.  It  will  accommodate  450  patients. 
The  present  number  of  patients  is  234  males  and 


UNCLE  SABI'S  FARM. 


343 


229  females.     The  Medical  College  is  situated  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  cit^r.    It  is  a  large  and  elegant  struc- 
ture of  brick  and  granite.     The  fee  for  a  full  course 
of  lectures  is  $60  in  advance,  with  a  matriculation 
tee  of  $3.     There  are  several  fine  halls  and  other 
pubhc  buildings  in  Worcester.     The  American  Anti- 
quarian Society,  at  this  place,  was  founded  in  1812 
by  Isaiah  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  who  published  the  first 
newspaper  in  Worcester,  in  1775,  and,  a  few  year^ 
after,  the  first  English  Bible  in  America.     The  hall  of 
the  society  is  a  large  and  elegant  building,  104  feet 
long  and  two  stories  high,  in  w     :^  is  a  library  of 
12,000  volumes,  a  valuable  cabinet  of  antiquities,  and 
many  interesting  specimens  of  early  printing.     Wor- 
cester is  well  supplied  with  schools,  some  of  which  are 
splendid  buildings.    The    school  at  which   three  of 
my  children  attend,  is  built  of  brick,  fifty  by  fifty- 
eight  feet,  three  stories  high,  and  crowned  with  a 
cupola.     It  cost  «11,000.     In  the  lower  story  is  a 
smk-room,    play-room,   ward-room,  and    committee- 
room  ;  on  the  second  floor  are  two  Infant  school-rooms, 
each    accommodating    one    hundred   scholars,  with 
spacious  recitation  rooms  adjoining.     The  third  floor 
is  a  Primary  school-room,  with  two  recitation  rooms, 
and  will  seat  one  hundred  and  sixty  scholars.    The 


mtm 


III 


144 


A  PEEP  AT 


visitor  is  forcibly  struck  with  the  order,  beauty,  and 
cleanliness  which  reigns  throughout  the  whole.  Each 
of  the  children  sits  in  an  arm  chair  fastened  to  an  iron 
post,  in  front  of  which  is  a  polished  mahogany  desk, 
about  two  feet  long,  for  each.  There  are  in  Worcester 
nine  Infant  schools,  six  Primary,  three  Grammar,  one 
for  colored  children,  and  the  Classical  and  High 
school.  The  latter  is  open  for  the  children  of  the 
whole  city,  as  soon  as  they  are  qualified  for  admission. 
There  is  also,  during  the  winter  months,  a  school  for 
apprentices,  and  three  evening  schools  for  all,  whether 
children  or  adults,  who  wish  to  learn,  and  cannot 
attend  school  during  the  day.  The  above  schools  are 
all  free.  In  addition  to  these  schools,  there  are  nu- 
merous private  schools.  The  appropriations  for 
support  of  schools  for  1850,  was  $18,000,  besides 
about  $10,000  for  building  new  school-houses.  The 
Educational  Institutions  of  Massachusetts  are  not 
surpassed  by  any  country  in  the  world.  It  is  a  hard 
thing  to  find  an  ignorant  Yankee.  The  following  are 
the  appropriations  voted  by  the  City  Council  of  Wor- 
cester, for  1851  : — 

For  Schools,  ^18,000 

«    New  School-Houses,  8,400 

■     Additional  for  Sammit  St.  School-House,  ^»^00 

Total  for  Schools  and  School-Houses  $27,500 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


146 


For  Interest  on  City  Debt, 

"    Uepairs  of  Roads  and  Bridges, 

"    Paving  Main  and  Front  streets, 

"    Common  Sewers  in  Main  street, 

"    Salaries  of  City  Officers, 

"    City  Watch, 

"    Lighting  streets, 

"    Fire  Department, 

"    Ringing  Bells,  &c., 

"    Funerals  properly  chargeable  to  the  City, 

"    Book  printing,  &c., 

"    Support  of  Poor,  in  addition  to  allowance  from 

the  State, 
"    Board  of  Health, 
"    Discount  on  Taxes, 
"    Contingent  Expenses, 
"    Iron  Lamps,  posts  and  fixtures, 

New  Engines,  in  addition  to  the  amount  to  be 
received  for  the  old. 


$3,350 

6,800 

10,500 

1,500 

4,125 

2,100 

1,500 

3,300 

150 

350 

800 

3,300 
500 
5,000 
5,000 
1,000 

1,600 


$78,375 

The  following  statistics  are  taken  from  tlie  abstract 
of  school  returns  for  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  for 
1848-9: 


Number  of  towns  in  the  Commonwealth  which  have  made 
returns, 

Valuation, 

Number  of  Public  Sdiools, 


313 

$299,878,325* 
3,749 


18 


146 


A  PEEP  AT 


hi 


ill 


I  iii  ' 


Number  of  scholars,  of  all  ages,  in  all  the  schoolfi :  - 

In  Snmmer, 

In  Winter, 

Number  oi"  Male  Teachers, 

Numb'jr  of  Female  Teachers, 

Average  wages  paid  per  montls,  including  viJue  of  board, 
Males, 

Average  value  oi  board  per  month,  MBka, 

Average  w.i.-es  paid  per  month,  includi/.g  vdue  of  board, 

F^'iaales, 
.''  M  ra^e  ynVaa  of  board  per  month  for  Females, 
Amount  ol  money  raised  by  taxes  for  support  of  schools, 

incAU'liig  only  the  wages  of  Teachers,  bounl  and  fuel, 
An^omt  of  board  and  fuel,  if  any,  contributed  for  Public 

SCbools, 

Number  of  Incorporated  Academies, 

Average  number  of  scholars, 

Aggregate  paid  for  tuition, 

Number  of  unincorporated  Academies,  Private  schools, 

and  schools  kept  to  prolong  Common  Schools, 
Average  number  of  scholars, 
Aggregate  paid  for  tuition. 
Amount  of  Local  Funds, 
Income  from  same, 

Income  of  Surplus  Revenue,  appropriated  to  schools, 
Xhere  are  three  Normal  Schools  for  training  Teachers. 


i73,65'i> 
191,7:2 

5,737 

$34,02 
$9,00 

^14,19 
$6,17 

$830,577 

$35,281 

64 

3,834 

$61,694 

1,047 

27,583 

$240,786 

$354,620 

$21,584 

$5,483 


Among  the  School-masters  employed  at  Worcester 
was  John  Adams,  the  second  President  of  the  United 
States.    Here,  also,  the  American  r.^^ojopher,  Ben- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


147 


jamin  Franklin,  worked  in  his  early  days  as  a  journey- 
man printer.  There  are  five  Banks  in  Worcester, 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $650,000.  There  is 
also  a  Savings  Bank,  with  a  deposit  of  $1,124,000. 
Besides  these,  there  i.re  five  Insurance  Companies, 
Life  Assurance,  and  various  other  Associations.  The 
valuation  of  the  property  of  Worcester  in  1850,  was 
$11,082,501.  Almost  every  kind  of  manufacture  is 
carried  on  at  Worcester.  The  following  is  the  value 
of  some  of  them  in  1846  :  — 

Cotton  goods,  $45,184;  Woollen  goods,  $194,040; 
Ironware,  $134,500;  Machinery,  $310,000 ;  Card 
wire,  $110,000 ;  Ploughs,   $48,000;    Paper,    $3,- 
000;  Hats  and  Caps,  $24,752;  Cards,  $22,OOoV 
Cars  and  other  carriages,   $221,100 ;  Chairs  and 
Cabinet-ware,  $27,500  ;  Tin-ware,  $38,500 ;  Boots 
and  Shoes,  $288,550;  Straw  bonnets  and  hats,  $10,- 
000;  Bricks,  $28,000  ;  Cotton  Carpeting,  $26,000; 
Building  stone,  $23,500  ;  Mechanics' tools,  $12,000  • 
Presses,  $25,500  ;  Boor  and  other  Carpentry,  $16,- 
500.    Fruit  raised,  27,604  bushels  —  value  $9,20l'; 
Butter  made,  97,300  pounds  —  value,  $16,217. '  The 
value  of  grain  produced  in  the  town  was   $24,897  • 
of  Vegetables,  $25,980 ;  and  of  Hay,  (5,100  tons  ^ 
$51,000.  '^ 


148 


A  PEEP   AT 


i 


Worcester  is  distant  from  Boston  forty-five  miles  ; 
from  Albany  one  hundred  and  fifty-six ;  from  New 
York  one  hundred  and  ninety-four,  via  Norwich,  and 
from  Providence  forty-five  miles.     The  whistling  steed 
is  seen  prancing  about  Worcester  in  all  directions,  and 
though  a  fiery  fellow,  yet  he  is  not  hostile,  but  carry- 
ing peace  and  prosperity  in  his  train.     Seven  passen- 
ger trains  pass  over  the  road  from  Worcester  to 
Boston  each  way  daily,  besides  freight  trains.     Some- 
times over  two  thousand  passengers  go  in  one  train. 
Each  passenger  car  is  windowed  throughout  with 
Venetian  blinds.     The  cars  are  about  forty  feet  long 
and  seven  feet  high,  and  will  seat  about  eighty  per- 
sons.   They  cost  from  $2,000  to  $2,500  each.    The 
interior  of  a  car  is  a  spacious  and  elegant  saloon,  with 
an  aisle  down  the  middle.    The  seats  are  of  polished 
mahogany,  (as  is  also  the  whole  interior,  with  looking 
glasses  and  gilding,)  lined  and  cushioned  with  velvet. 
Eich  car  has  a  stove  in  cold  weather.     The  time  oc- 
cupied in  going  from  Worcester  to  Boston  is  one  hour 
and  a  half.    The  Worcester  Common  is  a  beautiful 
place  ;  it  is  surrounded  by  a  railing,  outside  of  which 
are  wide  streets  lined  by  handsome  buildings.    It  is 
shaded  with   trees  of  various  kinds,  and  gravelled 
walks  extend  in  different  directions  through  the  whole. 


UNCLE   SAM'S  FARM. 


149 


The  Norwich  Railroad  passes  through  the  centre. 
Worcester  is  the  residence  of  several  celebrated  men, 
among  some  of  whom  are  two  Ex-Governors  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, Senators,  Judges,  Lawyers,  &c.,  and  the 
celebrated  EUhu  Burritt,  who  is  the  proprietor  and 
Senior  Editor  of   the    «  Christian  Citizen.''      His 
aflsociate  Editors  are  Thomas  Drew  and  James  B. 
Sjme,  a  Scotchman.    Mr.  Burritt  is  the  author  of 
several  books ;  he  understands  fiftj-three  languages. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  Memoirs  which  I  have 
read  of  Mr.  Burritt  was  written  by  Maiy  Howitt, 
and  published  in  the  «  People's  Journal "  in  London' 
in  1846.  ' 

"  Among  the  many  remarkable  men,"  says  Mary 
Howitt,  "  of  this  remarkable  age,  most  of  whom  we 
hope  to  present  to  our  readers,  no  one  seems  to  us 
more  worthy  of  notice  than  Elihu  Burritt.    Elihu 
Burritt  is  not  merely  remarkable  for  his  knowledge  of 
languages  —  a  knowledge  which  is  perfectly  stupen- 
dous, and  which,  having  been  acquired  under  circum- 
stances which  at  first  sight  would  seem  to  present 
insuperable  barriers  to  any  thing  beyond  the  most 
ordinary  acquirements,  may  naturally  excite  our  sur- 
prise and  admiration  —  but  he  is  remarkable  in  a  high 
moral  degree ;  and  this  it  is,  combined  with  his  great 
13* 


160 


A  PELi'  AT 


learning,  wK^Vh  ^--titles  him  to  our  hve  and  reverence. 
His  in«Tij  -jaii^'uh^ed  head  is  wedded  to  a  large  and 
bene^ol'.nt  heart,  every  throb  of  which  is  a  sentiment 
of  biotherhood  to  all  mankind." 

During  the  past  winfAr.  Mr.  Burritt  greatly  in- 
terested himself  for  the  Rev.  Thomas  Dick,  LL.  D., 
whose  name  and  fame  as  a  writer  are  so  well  known. 
A  benevolent  gentleman  of  Philadelphia  published  the 
whole  of  Dr.  Dick's  works  for  sale  at  a  reduced  price, 
and  transmitted  him  nearly  the  whole  of  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale. 

The  following  letters,  written  by  Dr.  Dick  to  Mr. 
Burritt,  will  show  the  circumstances  in  v'.Luh  he  is 
placed,  after  having  contributed  so  iruch  by  liis 
writings  towards  the  moral  and  intellectual  reformation 
of  the  world ;  -r- 

I  was  favored  with  y  arkind  note  of  February  5th, 
accompaL  <A  with  a  'nU  of  exchange  for  twenty  poi  Is 
nine  shillinf^^s.  which  has  come  to  hand  without  the 
least  charge  or  expense. 

I  feel  almost  unable  ^  express  my  sense  oi  the 
obligations  I  feel  f  -ov  lisinterester'  kinaness,  ad 
for  all  the  trouble  t  m  a  you  have  een  subjected 
on  my  account,  and  to  promote  my  im  rests.    May 


it  u 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


151 


He  who  is  the  Original  Source  of  all  happiness  recom- 
pense you  a  thousand  fold,  and  enrich  you  with  those 
blessings  which  shall  endure  for  ever. 

I  wrote  you  a  letter  about  the  18th  January,  en- 
closing one  to  Messrs.  Thomas  Campbell  and  J.  Meston, 
Boston,  and  another  to  Mr.  W.  T.  Stone.    I  also' 
wrote  you  a  pretty  long  letter  on  the  30th  January, 
all  of  which  I  trn^t  came  duly  to  hand.   I  am  happy  tJ 
say  that,  with  th^  exception  of  some  slight  colds,  I  have 
enjoyed  tolerably  good  health  during  the  bye-past  part 
of  this- winter.     Mrs.  Dick,  though  sometimes  a  little 
delicate,  has  likewise,  on  the  whole,  enjoyed  good 
health.     Mr.  Milae    has   been  very  feeble,  though 
generally  able  to  move  about  the  house  after  mid-day; 
and  all  our  young  friends  are  well. 

I  )rd  John  Russell  has  again  been  reminded  of  the 
-ne-  .orial  which  was  formerly  presented  to  Mm,  and 
has  boen  frequently  spoken  to  of  late  by  several  mem- 
bers of  Parliament,  but  all  the  answer  he  has  hitherto 
been  pleased  .o  ^ive,  is  « that  he  wax  tak  >he  matter 
intoconsiderati  />  which  may,  perhaps,  b.  considered 
as  amounti  g  to  litf^  more  than  a  polite  denial.  The 
extravagance,  hnwe  .r,  which  ^  tg  been  displayed  in 
pei   -ons  to  the  aristocracy,  an  i  in  expenditure  for 


I 


162 


A  PEEP  AT 


fleets  and  armies,  palaces,  royal  jaclits,  &c.,  is  be- 
yond what  is  found  in  any  other  nation. 

I  am  g1"^  to  see  that  the  cause  of  Universal  Peace 
is  still  continuing  its  progress,  and  acquiring  new 
supporters. 

I  consider  the  tribute  I  have  received  from  your 
friends  in  America  as  conferring  a  greater  degree  of 
honor  and  respect  than  if  the  British  Government  had 
conferred  upon  me  a  large  pension  similar  to  that 
which  was  given  to  Mrs.  Dr.  Chalmers,  who  stood  in 
no  need  of  it. 

Hoping  you  will  excuse  this  short  epistle,  and  wish- 
ing all  happiness,  and  much  success  in  your  editorial 
labors,  I  am,  my  dear  friend. 

Yours,  most  sincerely, 

Thomas  Dick. 

Broughty  Ferry,  near  Bundee,  Feb.  25, 1850. 


1 


About  three  years  ago,  I  was  advised  by  certain  re- 
spectable gentlemen  in  Dundee  to  apply  by  memorial 
to  Lord  John  Russell  for  a  pension  from  the  fund 
allotted  to  authors,  which  was  accompanied  with 
recommendations  from  Lord  Kinnaird,  Lord  Duncan, 
and  about  a  dozen  other  oflScial  gentlemen ;  but  no 
answer  was  ever  returned  to  it.     Some  gentlemen 


UNCLE  SAMS  FARM. 


168 


havin-  lately  got  a  copy  of  this  memorial,  inserted 
certain  paragraphs  into  some  of  the  London  journals 
and  newspapers,  which  tended  to  convey  the  idea,  to 
ivhich  you  allude,  that  I  was  approaching  to  a  state  of 
destitution.     To  such  an  idea  I  never  gave  the  least 
sanction.     The  sentiments  contained  in  the  paragraphs 
alluded  to,  are  the  inferences  my  kind  friends  have 
deduced  from  the  representations  made  in  the  memorial 
to  Lord  John  Russell.    Except  in  this  instance,  I  never 
uttered  a  complaint  to  the  British  Public,  except  to  a 
private  friend. 

And  here,  my  dear  friend,  I  may  use  the  liberty  of 
stating  to  you  more  particularly  and  unreservedly  the 
items  of  my  income.    I  have  an  annuity  of  £20  from 
an  educational  establishment  I  formerly  occupied.    I 
derive  about  X23  from  rentals,  subject  to  deductions 
for  pew  duty,  poor's  rates,  duty  on  windows,  &c.    I 
have  a  few  pounds  in  the  bank,  which  are  gradually 
melting  down,  and  which  serve  to  supply  the  deficiency 
of  regular  income.     By  dint  of  the  most  rigid  economy, 
I  and  Mrs.  Dick  have  been  enabled  to  move  onward— 
though  without  some  of  those  comforts  we  could  have 
wished— notwithstanding  many  difficulties  and  encum- 
brances.    Wfl  now  keep  no  servants,  give  no  social 
dinners -we  walk  short  journeys  when  we  are  able,  or 


164 


A  PEEP  AT 


rli 


!'i 


take  the  lowest  priced  railway  carriages  ;  and  in  this 
way  we  have  endeavored  to  keep  ourselves  from  being 
involved  in  serious  debts. 

I  have  spent  a  good  deal  of  money  on  books  and 
instruments  for  the  illustration  of  some  parts  of  my 
writings,  and  erected  an  observatory  for  the  same 
purpose ;  and  if  my  writings  be  of  any  value,  the  pub- 
lic have  partly  derived  the  benefit  of  such  expendi- 
ture. In  consequence  cf  repeated  attacks  of  illness, 
I  have  written  nothing  for  the  press  for  two  or  three 
years  past,  ibout  two  months  ago,  I  had  to  undergo 
a  severe  surgical  operation  on  my  breast,  from  which 
a  large  tumor  was  extracted ;  but  the  wound  is  now 
healed,  and,  thanks  to  God,  I  enjoy  at  present  good 
health  c^nd  spirits.  You  have  somewhat  mistaken  my 
age.  Though  I  am  a  few  years  beyond  seventy,  I  am 
not  yet  on  the  verge  of  eighty. 

With  the  most  grateful  acknowledgements  for  all 
your  kind  attcLtions,  I  am,  my  dear  Sir, 

Yours,  most  sincerely, 
Thomas  Dick. 

Mr.  Henry  M.  Paine,  of  Worcester,  a  machinist, 
has  succeeded  in  evolving  oxygen  and  hydrogen  gases 
from  water,  through  the  agency  of  electricity. 


TOCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


155 


The  electricity  employed  ia  generated  by  phUo- 
sopbcal  apparatus.  The  gases  are  to  be  used  for 
light,  heat,  and  motive  power. 

The  light  is  extremely  cheap.     One  cubic  foot  of 
i^ater  wiU  yield  2,100  feet  of  gas.    The  apparatus  is 
simple  and  convenient.    Mr.  Paine's  gas  is  considered 
one  of  the  most  important  discoveries  of  the  age.     Mr 
Pame  has  just  obtained  patents  for  his  discovery,  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

During  the  summer  Worcester  was  visited  by 
Female  Delegates  from  all  the  principal  States  of  the 
Union,  who  for  several  days  held  a  "Woman's 
Bights  Convention,"  the  object  of  which  was.  that 
Women  should  be  placed  on  a  perfect  equality  with 
Men,  ,n  the  exercise  of  the  franchise,  the  pulpit,  the 
bar,  and  the  Senate.  These  ladie^  delivered  eloquent 
atones  in  behalf  of  their  "  Rights,"  and  were 
listened  to  with  profound  attention  by  crowded 
audiences. 

Massachusetts  and  other  States  have  Female 
Medical  Colleges,  where  Females  are  trained  for  the 
Medical  Profession,  &c. 

I  felt  great  pleasure  in  hearing  Mrs.  Brown  preach 
at  the  City  Hall  in  Worcester;  she  graduated  at 
Oberhn  College,  Ohio. 


156 


A  PEEP  AT 


The  following  is  taken  from  a  Meteorological  Journal, 
kept  by  the  Superintendent  of  the  Lunatic  Hospital 
at  Worcester,  for  five  years.  Worcester  stands  at 
an  elevation  of  483  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


Fair  days 

Cloudy  days 

Days  on  which  rain  fell 
snow  fell 


(( 
{( 
t( 
u 
(( 
» 

a 

C( 

i( 
(I 


(( 
(( 
{( 
(( 
(( 
(I 
(( 

(I 


Inches  of  rain- 


halos  of  moon  seen 

aurora  borealis  seen 

north  wind  prevailed 

north-west 

west 

south-west 

south 

south-east 

east 

north-east 


« 

K 
(C 
(( 


snow 


1841 


255 

110 
92 
40 
10 
19 
28 

107 
13 
82 
24 
17 
2 
56 

42.94 
82 


1842 


242 

123 

107 
32 
4 
12 
27 
83 
24 

134 

5 

11 

41 

40.78 
40 


1843 


246 

119 

89 

45 

5 

7 

26 

90 

46 

79 

12 

17 

1 

43 

48.67 

91 


1844 


230 

136 

93 

30 

3 

2 

113 

29 

102 

1 

23 

2 

61 

37.85 

57 


1845 


248 

117 

93 

29 

8 

8 

120 

29 

107 

2 

15 

1 

57 

42.49 

59 


Apple  trees  flowered  May  24,  1841,  May  9,  '42,  May  14, '43, 
May  8,  '44,  May  2,  '45.  First  frost  averages  from  the  20th  Septem- 
ber to  the  20th  October. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  month  of  May,  at  Worces- 
ter, I  mounted  the  iron  horse,  -who  puffed,  snorted, 
and  rushed  away  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  miles  an 
hour.  The  sun  hid  his  burning  brow  behind  a  misty 
cloud,  which  for  some  time  obstructed  the  view  of  the 
picturesque  and  beautiful  country  through  which  the 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


157 


4 

1845 

5 

248 

117 

93 

29 

8 

8 

120 

29 

107 

2 

15 

1 

57 

42.49 

59 

Steam  horse  bore  us.    As  we  approached  the  Merri- 
mac    River,  however,  the  mist    cleared  away,  and 
piles  of  fleecy  clouds  were  distinctly  mirrored  in  the 
waters  of  the  beautiful  river,  along  the  banks  of  which 
we  now  passed,  through  smiUng  towns  and  villages, 
until  the  bell  and  loud  steam  whistle  announced  that 
we  were  approaching  the  Lowell  depot.     Lowell  is 
the  Manchester  of  America,  the  manufacturing  empo- 
rium of  the  Western  world.     Forty  years  ago  it  was 
an  unsettled  territory.     It  is  now  covered  with  mills, 
churches,  hotels,  stores;   and  the  hum  of  business 
amid  streets  of  beautiful  houses,  the  prosperous  homes 
of  thirty-five  thousand  people.     Lowell  is  twenty-five 
miles  from  Boston,  and  is  the  second  city  in  popula- 
tion in  the  "  Old  Bay  State." 

Lowell  derives  its  name  in  honor  of  Francis  Cabot 
Lowell,  who  was  the  founder  of  the  manufactories. 
It  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Merrimac  and 
Concord  rivers.     The  spot  where  Lowell  now  stands, 
about  200  years  ago  was  the  headquarters  of  one  of 
the  five  great  tribes  of  Indians   which  were  found 
in  New   England,  numbering  12,000.     This  place 
was  highly  valued  by  the  L  dians  on  account  of  the 
vast  quantities  of  salmon,  shad,  alewives,  and  sturgeon 
with  which  the  river  abounded.     The  abundance  of 
14 


158 


A  PEEP  AT 


t  ji' 


\l  !  I 


the  latter  fish  gave  the  name  "  Merrimac  "  to  the 
river  so  called,  the  meaning  of  that  word  being 
"  sturgeon  "  in  the  Indian  tongue.  Here,  as  early 
as  1663,  John  Eliot,  the  celebrated  "  Apostle  to  the 
Indians,"  came,  spending  many  days,  and  preaching 
to  the  natives.  Here  courts  were  held  annually,  in 
the  month  of  May,  by  an  English  Magistrate,  assisted 
by  some  Indian  chiefs.  I  have  seen  the  spot  where 
the  log  church  stood  which  Eliot  used  to  preach  in. 
But  Eliot  and  these  sons  of  the  forest  havo  all  passed 
away,  and  are  now  in  the  far  off  land  of  the  Great 
Spirit. 

The  population  of  Lowell  in  1828  was  3,532.  It 
is  now  estimated  at  35,000.  There  are  fifty  mills  at 
work  here,  managed  by  twelve  corporations,  whose 
capital  is  $13,210,000,  which  keep  in  operation 
319,946  spindles,  and  9,885  looms.  The  number  of 
yards  ma^'e  per  week  is  as  follows :  2,110,000  cotton ; 
20,477  woollen ;  12,000  carpets ;  40  rugs.  In  the 
manufacture  of  woollen,  are  consumed  69,000  pounds 
of  wc  1  per  week ;  of  the  cotton,  per  week,  653,000 
jK)unds.  345,000  yards  are  printed ;  3,615,000  dyed. 
The  kinds  of  goods  manufactured  are  the  following : 
Prints,  sheetings,  shirtings,  drillings,  flannels,  broad- 
cloth, cassimere,  plain  and   fancy   woollen    goods. 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


169 


carpets  and  rugs.     Besides  these  are  machinerj, 
locomotives,  steam  engines,  machinists'   tools,    and 
mill-work.     27,620  tons  of  anthracite  coal  are  used 
per  annum,  and  of  charcoal,  35,903  bushels  ;  2,390 
cords  of  wood ;  82,917  gallons  of  oil ;  35,000  pounds 
of  lard  ;  1,380,000  pounds  of  starch  ;  1,365  barrels 
of  flour.     These  buildings  are  built  of  brick,  and 
warmed  by  steam.     The  mills  employ  8,260  females, 
and  8,744  males.     The  average  wages  of  females^ 
clear  of  board,  per  week,  is  $2 ;  and  the  average 
wages  of  males,  clear  of  board,  is  $5  per  week, 
which  is  paid  in  money  every  month.    Price  of  board 
$1,37  1-2  per  week  at  the  boarding-houses.    These 
boarding-houses  are  built  by  the  owners  of  the  mills, 
for  the  use  of  the  operatives.     The  Middlesex  Com- 
pany make  ase  annually  of  6,000,000  teasels,  1,716,^ 
000  pounds  fine  wool,  80,000  pounds  glue,  |60,000 
worth  dye  stuffs,  and  $17,000  worth  of  soap!     They 
also  own  the  Wamesit  Carpet  Mill,  where  are  con- 
sumed, annually,  93,600  pounds  coarse   wool,   and 
36,400  pounds  of  worsted  yarn,  producing  91,000 
yards  Ingrain  Carpeting. 

^  The  severi  manufacturing  companies  have  estab- 
lishec  &n  li ospital  for  the  convenience  and  comfort  of 
persons  employed  by  them  respectively  when  sick. 


160 


A  PEEP  AT 


which  is  under  the  superintendence  of  a  physician. 
Other  manufactures  are  produced  in  the  city  than 
those  which  I  have  specified,  of  the  value  of  $1,500,- 
000,  employing  a  capital  of  $400,000,  and  about 
1,500  persons. 

Thert  are  also  Powder  Mills,  Paper  and  Batting 
Mills,  and  Saw  Mills  belonging  to  private  individuals. 
There  are  two  institutions  for  Savings — the  "Lowell" 
acd  the  '•  City."  The  Lowell  had  on  deposit  in  1849, 
from  4^650  depositors,  $792,291.  The  City,  at  the 
same  time,  had  on  deposit,  from  615  depositors, 
$75,970.  The  operatives  in  the  mills  are  the  prin- 
cipal depositors  in  the  above  banks.  There  are 
several  other  banks  beside  these  established  in  the 
city.  There  is  a  valuable  Library  of  7,000  volumes 
belonging  to  the  city,  to  which  any  one  can  have 
access  by  paying  fifty  cents  per  annum.  Railroads, 
ga  works,  magnetic  telegraphs  and  water  works  inter- 
sect uhe  city  in  every  direction. 

It  is  almost  suifocating  to  a  stranger  to  enter 
a  cotton  mill ;  it  i.i  intensely  hot,  and  the  windows 
are  closed  so  as  not  to  admit  the  slightest  air  ;  added 
to  -rhich  is  the  smell  of  oil,  and  the  atmosphere  of 
the  room  filled  with  fibres  of  cotton  and  other  small 
particles,  which  one  would  think  would  be  highly 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


161 


prejudicial  to  health,  although  very  few  of  the  opera- 
tives complained  of  their  health.  Several  of  the 
young  ladies  informed  me  that  they  would  prefer 
working  in  the  mills  to  any  other  employment. 
America  is  fast  becoming  a  great  manufacturing 
country,  and  bids  fair  to  outrival  old  England. 

In  Lowell  I  saw  Harriet  Farley,  who  is  the  editor 
and  publisher  of  the  "New  England  Offering,"  a 
very  popular  magazine.  Miss  Farley  informed  me 
that  the  articles  in  the  magazme  were  written  by 
female  operatives  employed  in  the  mills. 

During  the  destitution  in  Ireland,  in  1846,  the 
factory  giris  of  Lowell  sent  over  1,000  garments  for 
the  io!  tf  of  the  distressed. 

The  number  of  spindles  at  work  throughout  the 
United  States  (where  coctcii  !?piuning  was  fiist  com- 
menced in  1821,)  i ,  £,^00,000. 

The  number  of  spirul^ea  throughout  the  worid,  in 
1849,  was  as  follows :  — 


Great  Britain, 
France, 
United  States, 
Austria, 
ZoUe-Yerein, 
14* 


17,50^,000 

4,300,000 

2,500,000 

1,500,000 

815,000 


2 

A  PKEP 

AT 

Russia, 

. 

700,000 

SwitBorland, 

050,000 

Belgium, 

420,000 

Spain, 

800,000 

Italy, 

800,000 

Total, 


28,085,000 


In  1790  America  did  not  export  a  single  pound  of 
cotton.  In  1840,  out  of  407,850,274  pounds  im- 
ported into  Groat  Britain,  401,040,898  came  from 
the  United  States.  The  total  amount  exported  from 
the  United  States  in  1849,  was  5,718,209  bales. 
The  amount  consraned  in  manufactures  in  the  United 
States  in  1849,  was  628,089  bales. 

Numerous  towns  and  villages  are  situated  upon  the 
road  between  Boston  and  Worcester.  The  view  from 
some  points  is  exceedingly  picturesque  and  beautiful. 
Brighton  is  distant  from  Boston  five  miles,  and  is  cel- 
ebrated as  being  the  largest  Cattle  Market  in  New 
England.  There  are  largo  paved  yards,  sheds,  bams, 
and  stables  for  the  convenience  and  sale  of  live  stock 
of  every  description.  There  are  extensive  slaughter- 
ing establishments,  where  largo  numbers  are  weekly 
slaughtered  for  the  Boston  market.    The  market  day 


UNOLK  HAM'H  I-'AflM. 


108 


ii  Thursdr*'  of  each  wook,  wlioii  throngs  of  pcrwons 
moot  to  tralfio.  Tho  followiiiK  \h  tho  number  of  cattio 
at  market  Thursday,  Oct.  8d,  IHAO  :  — 

1480  Boof  Cattio,  2100  Stores,  22  pairs  Working 
Oxon,  78  Cows  and  Calves,  000  Shoop  and  Lambs, 
and  1050  Swino. 

Tricos.  Beef  Cattio  —  Kxtra;  JO;  1st  quality, 
$5,75  ;  2d  do.,  ji>5  ;  U  do.,  $i  to  4,50. 

Stores  — Yearlings,  ||;7,  p  ;  Two  years  old,  J|12  to 
17  J  Three  years  old,  |;20,  27. 

Working  Oxen—  $05,  CO,  7^},  85,  100. 

Cows  and  Calves  — <$18,  20,  24,  27,  81,  88. 

Shoop  and  Lambs—  )|1,50,  1,02, 1,75,  2,  3. 

Swino  —  4  to  5c. ;  retail,  4  1-2  to  Oc.  Old  Hogs, 
4  l-lOo. 

Sales  of  cattle  at  Brighton  Market  in  1843  and 
1844 :  — 


1843. 


Beef  Cattle, 

22,916 

Stores, 

19,605 

Sheep, 

98,829 

Swine, 

43,060 

Sales  estimated  at  jf  2,120,644. 

tS3^ 


164 


A  PEEP  AT 


1844. 

Beef  Cattle,  ^7,610 

Stores,  4,186 

Sheep,  02,274 

Swine,  62,740 
Sales  estimated  at  $1,689,874. 

Average  prices  of  live  stock  in  1846  :  — 

Neat  Cattle,  $19  26 

Horses,  62,94 

Sheep,    ^  1,67 

Swine,   .  '                              8,7-^ 

A  short  distar  je  from  Brighton,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Chares  river,  stands  one  of  the  United  States 
afB^enda,  where  are  every  day  seen  flying  the  stars 
and  stripes.  The  arsenal  occupies  forty  acres  of 
ground,  and  contains  a  large  amount  of  the  munitions 
of  war. 

At  Newton  Corner,  I  called  to  see  Dr.  W.  F. 
Teulon,  who  formerly  lived  in  Newfoundland.  He  is 
now  a  Universalist  minister,  and  also  practises  as  a 
physician.  This  place  was  called  Nbnantum  by  the 
Indians.  Here  the  red  men  first  heard  of  Christian- 
ity from  the  puritan  apostle  Eliot,  in  1646,  and  here 
was  erected  their  first  house  of  prayer. 


UNCLE   SAM'S       A 


166 


A  school  was  soon  establishea  among  them,  and 
the  general  court  gave  the  neighboring  Indians  a 
tract  of  highland,  and  furnish  d  them  with  various 
implements  of  husbandry.  The  liidians,  manj  of 
them,  professed  Christianity,  and  the  whole  in  the 
vicinity  became  settled    '    ^  acted  their  affairs 

with  prudence  and  industi  hey  erected  a  house 

of  worship  for  themselves  ey  adopted  the  customs 
of  their  English  neighbois;  made  laws,  and  had 
magistrates  of  their  own.  The  increase  of  the  Indian 
1  verts  was  such,  that  they  found  the  place  too  strait 
for  them,  and  there  was  a  removal  of  the  tribe  to 
Natick,  about  ten  miles  southwest.  The  first  organ- 
ized church,  purely  Indian,  was  at  Natick.  The 
ardor  and  zeal  of  Eliot  and  others  was  crowned  with 
such  success,  that  in  1660  there  were  ten  towns  of 
Indians  in  Massachusetts  who  were  converted  to  the 
Christian  religion." 

The  Ojibwa,  or  Chippeway,  nation,  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States,  n^  nbers  over  30,000,  who  inhabit 
all  the  northern  p.  a  of  Michigan,  or  the  south  shore 
of  Lake  Huron,  for  800  miles,  the  upper  part  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  &c.  Numerous  other  tribes  of 
Indians  inhabit  the  Western  and  Southern  States. 
Mr.   Eliot  translated   the   whole  Bible  into  the 


I  '^^'^ 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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166 


A  PEEP  AT 


Natick  (or  Nipmuc)  dialect.  This  Bible  was  printed 
at  Cambridge,  in  1663,  and  was  the  first  Bible  printed 
in  America.  Owing  to  sickness,  and  other  causes  so 
fatal  to  the  race,  the  red  men  have  now  become  entirely 
extinct  in  Massachusetts.  A  monument  is  now 
being  erected  at  Roxbury  to  mark  the  spot  where 
rest  the  ashes  of  the  Puritan,  Pilgrim,  and  Apostolic 
Eliot,  who  tamed  the  ferocity  of  the  red  man  by  the 
proclamation  of  a  plain,  old-fashioned  gospel.  Thus, 
after  the  lapse  of  160  years,  a  Corinthian  column  is 
to  remind  the  traveller  of  the  "  Apostle  to  the 
Indians."  The  first  name  on  the  list  of  subscribers 
to  the  monument  is  Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh,  (George 
Copway)  the  Indian  chief,  who  recently  attended  the 
peace  congress  in  Germany;  he  subscribed  J26. 
Mr.  Eliot  settled  in  Roxbury  in  1632.  He  died  in 
1690,  aged  86  years.  There  are  many  other  places 
of  great  interest  on  the  road  between  Boston  and 
Worcester,  but  to  speak  of  every  place  would  swell 
this  volume  beyond  the  limits  which  I  intend  for  it. 
On  the  Western  Railroad  are  places  of  surpassing 
beauty  and  loveliness.  The  following  is  written  by 
Miss  Sedgwick,  a  native  of  Stockbridge,  Berkshire 
County,  Massachusetts.  Speaking  of  Berkshire,  she 
says :  — 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


167 


"  Thifl  county,  until  recently,  has,  from  its  seques- 
tered position,  remained  in  obscuritj.    Its  communica- 
tion  with  its  own  capital,  even,  has  been  impeded  by 
the  high  and  rugged  hills  that  enclose  it.     But  now 
tfie  hills  are  brought  low,  and  the  rough  places  are 
made  smooth.    Man  has  chained  to  his  car  a  steed 
fleeter  than  the    reindeer,  and    stronger  than  the 
elephant,  and  we  glide  through  our  mountain-passes 
with  a  velocity  more  like  the  swiftness  of  lovers' 
thoughts  than  any  material  thing  to  which  we  can 
liken  it. 

"  That  sect:on  of  the  western  railroad  which  tra- 
verses the  wild  hills  of  Berkshire  is  a  work  of 
immense  labor,  and  a  wonderful  achievement  of  art. 
The  pleasure  of  our  citizens  in  surveying  it  is  not 
impaired  by  the  galling  consciousness  that  there  is 
yet  a  forei^  debt  to  pay  for  it,  or  doubtful  credit 
involved  in  it. 

"Berkshire  lies  midway  between  the  Connecticut 
and  the  Hudson.  After  leaving  the  wide  meadows  of 
the  Connecticut,  basking  in  their  rich  inheritance  of 
alluvial  soil  and  unimpeded  sunshine,  you  wind 
through  the  narrow  valleys  of  the  Westfield  river, 
with  masses  of  mountains  before  you,  and  woodland 
heights  crowding  in  upon  you,  so  that  at  every  puff  of 


168 


A  PEEP  AT 


the  engine,  the  passage  visibly  contracts.  The 
Alpine  character  of  the  river  strikes  you.  The  huge 
stones  in  its  wide  channel,  which  have  been  torn  up 
and  rolled  down  by  the  sweeping  torrents  of  spring 
and  autumn,  lie  bared  and  whitening  in  the  summer'js 
sun.  You  cross  and  recross  it,  as  in  its  deviations  it 
leaves  space  on  one  side  or  the  other,  for  a  practicable 
road. 

"  At  *  Chester  Factories  '  you  begin  your  ascent  of 
eighty  feet  in  a  mile,  for  thirteen  miles  !  The  stream 
between  you  and  the  precipitous  hill  side,  cramped 
into  its  rocky  bed,  is  the  Pontoosne,  one  of  the  tribu- 
taries of  the  Westfield  river.  As  you  trace  this 
stream  to  its  mountain-home,  it  dashes  along  beside 
you  with  the  recklessness  of  childhood.  It  leaps 
down  precipices,  runs  forth  laughing  in  the  dimpling 
sunshine,  and  then,  shy  as  a  mountain  nymph,  it 
dodges  behind  a  knotty  copse  of  evergreens.  In 
approaching  the  *  summit  level '  you  travel  bridges 
built  a  hundred  feet  above  other  mountain  streams^ 
tearing  along  their  deep-worn  beds;  and  at  the 
*  deep-cut '  ycur  pasi*.  j?  is  hewn  through  solid  rocks, 
whose  mighty  walls  frown  over  you. 

"  Mountain  scenery  changes  with  every  changing 
season  —  we  might  almost  say  with  every  change 


UNCLE  SAM'S  PABM. 


169 


of  atmosphere.  In  the  spring,  while  the  skirts  of 
winter  still  hang  over  this  h:gh  cold  re^on,  and  the 
trees  seem  afraid  to  put  on  their  buds,  the  Pontoosne 
breaks  forth  from  ite  icy  bars,  and  leaps  and  rushes 
on  as  if  with  conscious  joy  for  its  recovered  liberty. 
It  is  the  first  sound  that  breaks  upon  the  wemsome 
lingering  of  winter,  and  ite  music  strikes  upon  ttio 
ear  like  the  sweetest  of  human  sounds,  the  morning 
song  of  a  child  waking  one  from  a  dreary  dream. 

"  In  summer,  as  there  is  little  on  these  jjavage 
hills  of  what  is  pecuHar  to     ujimer,  flowerfii    and 
fruitfulness,  it  is  a  happy  chance  to  make  this  pass 
when  piles  of  clouds  hide  the  hot  sun,  and  the  lain  is 
pouring  down  in  sheete,  when  every  littk  dropping 
rill  that  has  dried  away  m  the  summer's  i,iu  «id- 
denly  swelled  into  a  waterfaU,  and  over  the  banks  and 
down  the  difis  tiiey  come    pouring    and   leafang, 
reminding  one  of  that  wild  fable  of  German,  iinag- 
ining  Undine  and  aU  her  clan  of  wate^spirit8  doing 
their  whimsical  feats. 

"In  autumn,  the  beeches  and  maples  on  the  ibiil- 

sidos  are  glowing  with  a  metallic  brightness,  softened. 

and  set  off  most  exquisitely  by  the  evergreen  of  the 

towering  pines,  th«  massive  cones  of  the  Norway  fiw* 

15 


170 


A  PEEP  AT 


lu 


and  the  graceful,  plomj  hemlocks  that  intersperse 
them. 

"In  "winter,  the  art  that  sends  you  swiftly  and 
securely  through  these  stem  solitudoa  is  most  grate- 
fully felt.  The  trees  bend  creaking  before  the  howl* 
ing  blast,  the  snow  is  driving  and  drifting,  here  it  is 
piled  on  either  side  in  solid  walls  above  your  car,  and 
there  the  hideous  roots  of  the  upturned  stumps  are 
bare.  Even  the  hardy  mountain  children  have 
shrunk  from  the  biting  blast,  and  the  whimpering  dog 
has  begged  an  inside  berth.  You  see  no  little  tow- 
head,  with  its  curious  eyes  peering  at  you  through  the 
icy  window ;  you  hear  not  even  the  salute  of  a  bark. 
On  you  glide,  by  the  aid  of  the  most  recent  discover- 
ies and  ingenious  contrivances  of  art,  through  a  coun- 
try whose  face  is  still  marked  with  the  savage  grand- 
eur of  its  primeval  condition.  To  give  the  transition 
to  the  smiling  valleys  below  the  full  force  of  contrast, 
it  should  be  made  in  summer.  Then  you  slide  down 
amid  green  pastures,  meadows  and  orchards.  Tou 
glance  at  Hnsdale  and  Dalton,  and  enter  Pittsfield, 
famous  for  its  lofty  elm,  the  last  veteran  of  the  origj- 
nal  forest,  (now,  alas!  a  dymg  veteran,)  for  its 
annual  furs,  its  thriving  medical  institution,  and  for 
its  rural  wealth,  possessing,  as  it  does  within  the  limits 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FABM. 


171 


of  its  township,  perhaps  more  cultivable  land  than  any 
other  equal  district  in  Massachusetts. 

"  We  have  entered  Berkshire  by  a  road  far  supe- 
rior to  the  Appian  Tvay.     On  every  side  are  rich 
valleys  and  smiling  hill-sides,  and,  deep-set  in  their 
hollows,  lovely  lakes  sparkle  like  gems.    From  one  of 
these,  a  modest  sheet  of  water  in  Lanesborough,  flows 
out  the  Housatonic,  the  minister  of  God's  bounty, 
bringing  to  the  meadows  along  its  course  a  yeasty 
renewal  of  fertility,  and  the  ever  changing,  ever 
present  beauty  that  marks  God's  choicest  works.    It 
is  the  most  judicious  of  rivers ;  like  a  discreet  rural 
beauty,  it  bears  its  burdens  and  does  its  work  out  of 
sight;  its  water  privileges  for  nulls,  furnaces,  and 
factories,  are  aside  from  the  villages.  When  it  comes 
near  to  them,  a^i  in  Stockbridge,  it  Ungers  like  a 
lover,  turns  and  returns,  and  when  fairly  off,  flies  past 
rolling  wheels  and  dinning  factories,  till,  reaching  the 
lovely  meadows  of  Barrington,  it  again  disports  itself 
at  leisure." 

In  June  I  visited  Providence,  which  is  the  Capital 
of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island.  It  is  the  second  city 
in  New  England,  being  next  to  Boston  in  population 
and  trade.  It  is  forty-two  miles  from  Boston,  and 
contains  a  population  of  forty-two  thousand.    The 


172 


A  PEEP  AT 


city  is  at  the  head  of  Karraganset  Bay,  ^;hera  it 
receives  the  Mooshasuck  River.  It  occup'es  both 
sides  of  the  river,  connected  by  two  bridgos,  which 
have  been  thrown  over  the  river  near  the  head  of  the 
tide-waters,  which  is  thirty-five  miles  from  the  ocean. 
On  the  east  side  are  three  principal  streets  running 
parallel  with  the  river.  On  these  streets  are  a  num- 
ber of  public  buildings,  and  many  elegant  private 
residences.  On  this  side  of  the  river  the  land  rises 
abruptly,  and  the  cross  streets  have  a  stoep  ascent. 
On  the  hill  overlooking  the  city  is  Brown  '  Jniversity, 
a  Baptist  Institution,  established  in  1770.  From  this 
place  is  an  extensive  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 
On  the  west  side  of  the  river  is  Westminster  streeti 
The  finest  shops  in  the  city  are  in  this  street ;  here 
also  is  one  of  the  fronts  of  the  Arcade,  one  of  the 
finest  buildings  of  the  kind  in  America.  It  is  biult  of 
hewn  granite  and  fronts  two  streets,  eighty  feet  wide, 
presenting  colonnades  of  the  Doric  style,  of  six  columns 
each.  These  columns  are  twenty-five  feet  in  height, 
the  shafts  being  twenty-two  feet  in  length.  This 
building  is  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  long, 
eighty  feet  broad,  and  seventy-two  feet  high,  divided 
into  three  stories,  containing  upwards  of  eighty  shops; 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FABM. 


178 


the  whole  lighted  by  a  glass  roof.    It  was  finished  in 
1828,  at  an  expense  of  $130,000. 

Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  State  House, 
City  Hall,  Hospital,  Jail,  State  Prison,  Custom  House, 
Athenaeum,  &c.,  and  a  number  of  Churches.  There 
are  several  mills  here  ;  the  manufactures  consist 
chiefly  of  cotton  goods,  steam-en^nes,  machinery, 
and  copper,  brass,  and  iron.  There  is  probably  more 
jewelry  manufactured  here  than  in  any  other  place  in 
the  United  States. 

The  State  Legislature  is  held  alternately  at  Provi- 
dence and  Newport.    Providence  is  memorable  as  the 
place  of  retreat  of  Roger  WilUams.    The  first  settle- 
ment of  the  town  was  made  by  WilUams  and  five 
others  in  1636.    Roger  Williams  was  persecuted  in 
Massachusetts  for  his  religious  sentiments,  ar-^  was 
eventually  banished  from  the  State  by  the  Congr  ga- 
tionalists  in  1635,  when  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
Providence.    He  is  represented  as  an  eccentric  and 
self-opinionated  man,  but  smcere  and  pious,  —  he  was 
a  minister  of  the  Baptist  persuasion.    He  in  turn  for 
a  short  time  persecuted  the  Quakers  who  settled  in 
Providence.    In  1644  Williams  visited  England  and 
obtained  a  charter.    A  new  charter  was  granted  to 
Rhode  Island  by  Charles  II.    I  have  read  this  docu- 
16* 


174 


A  PEEP  AT 


ment  •—  it  was  full  too  centuries  in  advance  of  the 
policy  of  the  British  Go7ernment.  So  exceedingly 
liberal  was  this  instrument,  that  the  State  Govem- 
ment  of  Rhode  Island  continued  it  as  the  basis  of  their 
government,  till  it  was^superseded  by  the  adoption  of 
a  Constitution  in  1843. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  places  which  I  have 
visited  in  America  is  the  lovely  village  of  Springfield, 
the  "  Queen  Village  "  of  New  England.  Springfield 
was  first  settled  in  1635,  and  for  forty  years  after 
lived  at  peace  with  the  Indians.  During  the  cele- 
brated "  King  Philip's  War,"  however,  this  village 
suiTered  with  other  settlements.  The  manufactures 
of  Springfield  consist  of  railroad  cars,  carriages, 
leather,  boots  and  shoes,  brooms,  bricks,  tobacco, 
cotton,  paper,  building  stone,  &c.,  &c.  The  valuation 
of  Springfield,  as  ascertained  by  the  Assessors  in 
1860,  is, 


Real  Estate, 
Personal, 

Total, 


$4,230,973 
2,081,093 

$6,312,030 


,   It  contains  a  population  of  upwards  of  11,000, 
situated  upon  the  east  bank  of  the  beautiful  Connecti- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


175 


cut  River.    It  is  the  centre  of  a  large  inland  and 
river  traffic,  as  well  aa  of  railroad  communication.    It 
is  ninetj-eight  miles  from  Boston,  and  a  hundred  and 
forty-two  from  New  York  city.    The  principal  street 
of  the  village  is  called  Main  Street,  and  extends  about 
two  miles,  running  parallel  with  the  river,  shaded  on 
either  side  with  trees  of  various  kinds  clothed  with  the 
richest  foliage.     The  buildings  are  of  wood,  brick, 
and  stone,  some  of  which  are  elegant.     There  are 
several  fine  Halls,  Churches  and  other  public  buUdings. 
One  of  the  United  States  Armories  is  kept  here,  and 
is  the  most  extensive  in  the  country.    I  have  been  all 
through  this  arsenal.    It  stands  on  an  elevated  plain. 
The  buildings,  which  are  nearly  all  of  brick,  are 
arranged  around  a  square  of  about  twenty  acres,  pre- 
senting a  handsome  appearance.    A  cupola  on  one  of 
them  aflfords  a  deUghtfd  view  of  the  River  and  sur- 
rounding country.     TI  ^  Store  House  is  an  immense 
brick  structure,  having  a  dome  and  lantern  on  which 
is  every  day  seen  flying  the  national  flag.     There  are 
about  three  hundred  men  employed  in  the  arsenal. 
About  15,000  muskets  are  annually  made  here,  and 
150,000  are  stored  in  the  building  connected  with  the 
establishment.    When  shall  the  time  come  when  these 


176 


A  PEEP  AT 


warlike  instruments  shall  be  converted  into  implements 
of  husbandry,  and  men  shall  learn  "war  no  more  ? 

The  scenery  around  Springfield  is  extremely  beauti- 
ftil.  A  few  minutes'  walk,  and  you  pass  smiling  fields 
decked  with  verdure,  and  beautiful  gardens  containing 
almost  every  variety  of  fruit  grown  in  a  tropical 
climate.  You  still  walk  on,  admiring  the  lovely 
plumage  and  listening  to  the  sweet  notes  of  the 
warblers  of  the  grove,  until  you  find  yourself  on  the 
brink  of  the  Connecticut  river,  where  you  behold  the 
finny  tribes  frisking  and  sporting  on  its  sparkling 
waters.  A  walk  in  another  direction  brings  you  to 
what  is  called  the  Hill ;  this  is  the  most  beautiful  part 
of  the  place.  Here  you  enter  a  broad  and  elegant 
street  lined  with  private  residences,  in  front  of  some 
of  which  is  a  spacious  lawn,  in  the  centre  of  which  is 
a  fountain  with  its  waters  in  full  play.  The  lawn  is 
laid  out  with  gravel  walks,  shaded  with  trees  of  the 
most  magnificent  foliage,  interspersed  with  rose  trees, 
and  other  flowering  plants. 

Last  night  (July  5th,)  was  the  most  awful  and 
terrific  night  I  ever  witnessed.  At  six  o'clock  it 
commenced  thundering  and  lightning ;  the  lightning 
was  in  the  zig-zag  form  —  a  form  in  which  it  is  nevier 
seen  in  Newfoundland.    About  nine  o'clock  it  was 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


177 


truly  terrible  ;  the  rain  poured  in  perfect  torrents ;  it 
was  preceded  bjr  a  hurricane  whirlwind,  which  tore 
up  trees  by  the  roots  and  did  considerable  damage  to 
houses,  &o.     While  the  storm  was  at  its  height,  be- 
tween 10  and  11  o'clock,  the  lightning  .truck  a  bam 
and  dwelling  house,  both  of  which  were  consumed, 
although  the  Firemen  exerted  themselves  to  put  it  out. 
The  storm  lasted  till  one  o'clock.     Steamboats  on  the 
river  ran  ashore  and  waited  until  the  storm  was  over, 
afraid  to  proceed  on  their  voyage.    No  one  living  at 
Springfield  had  ever  seen  the  like  before.    The  light- 
ning was  incessant,  and  circled  the  whole  heavens. 
The  whole  concave  of  the  firmament  appeared  one 
mass  of  fire,  in  one  place  appearing  as  "  sheet  light- 
ning," and  in  anotljer  place  assuming  the  zig-zag 
form  —  appearing  in  both  forms  at  once.    It  was  not 
a  flash  and  then  a  pause,  but  a  continuous  unceasing 
fire  over  the  entire  heavens  for  three  hours.    It  was 
like  as  if  the  worid  was  on  fire,  and  the  end  of  all 
things  at  hand.   The  Rev.  Mr.  Conklin,  Congregational 
minister,  and  myself,  paced  the  room  in  the  greatest 
anxiety.    Every  one  was  solemnly  impressed  with  the 
awful  grandeur  of  the  scene.     The  lightning  appeared 
blue,  white,  and  red. 


m 


178 


A  PEEP  AT 


Thunder  storms  in  America  are  terrible.  Lightning 
conductors  line  the  houses  every  where. 

At  Springfield  I  witnessed  the  annual  celebration 
of  the  Fourth  of  July,  —  being  the  seventy-fifth  year 
of  t'ae  Independence  of  the  United  States.  Upwards 
of  twenty  thousand  persons  assembled  to  see  the  fire- 
works. 

At  Springfield  I  went  on  board  a  Steamboat  and 
proceeded  down  the  Connecticut  river  as  far  as  Hart- 
ford, distant  tvirenty-seven  miles.  The  Connecticut  is 
a  beautiful  river.  It  was  called  the  Qmnehtacf  by 
the  Indians,  which  is  said  to  signify  Long  Biver,  or 
the  Miver  of  Pines.  After  fornung  the  boundary  line 
between  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  it  crosses  the 
western  part  of  Massachusetts,  passes  the  State  of 
Connecticut,  nearly  in  its  centre,  and  empties  itself 
into  Long  Island  Sound.  Both  sides  of  the  Connecti- 
cut are  lined  with  rich  farms,  dotted  with  beautaful 
white  painted  houses  with  green  Venetian  blinds.  The 
principal  villages  between  Springfield  and  Hartford 
are  Longmeadow,  Thompsonville,  and  Windsor. 
Thompsonville  is  a  place  of  importance  in  the  manu- 
facture of  Carpetings.  A  short  distance  below  this 
place  the  Connecticut  river  is  divided  by  a  large 
island.     The  river  on  both  sides,  at  this  place,  during 


UNCLE  SAM'S   FABM. 


179 


the  summer  is  very  shallow,  owing  to  Enfield  Falls. 
Boats  pass  these  faUs  through  a  canal  eight  miles  long, 
mth  numerous  locks.  The  steamer  passes  through 
Windsor  Locks,  where  Paper  Mills  and  other  manu- 
factories extend  along  the  river  for  a  considerable 
distance. 

The  manufactures  of  Connecticut  are  too  numerous 
to  mention.  At  W^.tervillo.  a  capital  of  $125,000  is 
employed  in  making  poc^  .;  cutlery;  two  hundred 
hands  are  employed  in  the  establishment.  At  Water- 
bury,  the  American  Pin  Company  employ  80  hands, 
who  make  one  thousand  packs  of  pins  per  day,  of 
tw**lve  papers  per  pack ;  also  make  two  thousand  gross 
of  hooka  and  eyes  daily.  There  are  also  at  this  place 
various  button  manafactories,  some  of  which  employ 
two  hundred  hands,  and  turn  out  $350,000  worth  of 
goods  annually,  &c.,  &c. 

Windsor,  six  miles  distant,  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns 
in  Connecticut,  and  rich  in  meadow  land ;  the  scenery 
is  very  beautiful.  The  Connecticut  river  passes 
through  a  valley  of  twelve  thousand  square  miles,  em- 
beUished  with  towns  and  villages  in  every  direction, 
presenting  to  the  eye  a  lovely  landscape  of  nature  and 
art.     Salmon  formerly  were   very  plentiful  in  this 


180 


A  PEEP  AT 


river,  but  have  now  entirely  disappeared.  Large 
quantities  of  shad,  however,  are  still  taken. 

The  city  of  Hartford  is  the  principal  city  in  the 
State  of  Connecticut ;  it  is  situated  on  the  west  bank 
of  Connecticut  river,  fifty  miles  from  its  mouth.  It 
contains  a  population  of  17,000.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Suckiag. 

A  company  of  Dutch  traders  settled  at  Hartford  in 
1633,  who  opposed  the  first  English  Settlement,  but 
afterwards  relinquished  their  claim.  Hartford  was 
first  settled  by  the  English  in  1635,  by  John  Steel  and 
his  associates,  from  Newtown  (now  Cambridge)  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  main  body  of  the  first  settlers,  with 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Hooker  at  their  head,  arrived  at  Hart- 
ford from  Newtown  the  following  year.  The  emigrants 
numbered  about  one  hundred,  men,  women  and 
children,  who  pushed  their  way  over  mountains, 
through  forests,  swamps,  and  rivers,  with  one  hundred 
and  sixty  head  of  cattle.  They  subsisted  chiefly  by 
the  way  on  the  milk  of  their  cows.  Many  of  those 
persons  .7ere  entire  strangers  to  fatigue  and  danger, 
having  lived  in  England  in  honor,  affluence,  and 
luxury. 

Hartford  was  incorporated  in  1784.    It  is  one  hun- 


UNCLE  SAM'S   FARM. 


181 


dred  miles  from  Boston,  and  one  hundred  and  fi%, 
three  from  New  York,  by  which  it  is  connected  witih 
hnes  of  Steamboate  and   Railroads.    Bj  means  of 
C*n&!s  and  other  improvements  the  Connecticut  has 
been  made  navigable  for  boats  nearly  two  hundred 
and  fifty  mUes  above  Hartford.    A  covered  bridge, 
one  thousand  feet  long,  and  which  cost  |100,OOo' 
connecte  the  City  with  East  Hartford.    The  compact 
part  of  Hartford  is  more  than  a  mUe  in  length  and 
three-quarters  of  a  mUe  wide.     The  ground  rises 
gradually  from  the  river,  which  shows  the  City  to  ad- 
vantage.   Main  street  is  the  principal  street  of  tiie 
City,  and  contains  many  fine  shops  and  houses.    Little 
River,  which  crosses  the  south  part  of  the  City,  is 
crossed  in  tiiis  street  by  a  stone  bridge  one  hundred 
feet  wide,  of  a  single  arch  of  one  hundred  and  four 
feet  span.     Little  River  furnishes  valuable  water 
power  for  the  manufactories  of  the  City,  which  are 
numerous. 

The  aggregate  School  Fund  of  Connecticut  for 
1849,  was  $2,076,602.  The  number  of  children 
returned,  90,700. 

Among  the  PubHc  Buildings  and  Listitutions  is  the 
State  House,  a  large  and  handsome  building  sur- 
mounted by  a  cupola.  It  stands  upon  the  public  square 


182 


A  PEEP  AT 


fronting  Main  street,  and  is  enclosed  with  an  iron 
railing,  shaded  with  trees.    In  this  building  are  the 
public  offices  of  the  State.    The  Le^lature  meet 
here  and  at  New  Haven  alternately.    The  City  Hall 
is  a  large  and  commodious  building,  of  the  Doric  order 
of  architecture.    Trimty  College  is  situated  m  the 
west  part  of  the  City.    It  was  founded  in  1824,  and 
belongs  to  the  Episcopalians.    The  President  intro- 
duced me  to  the  library  and  presented  me  with  the 
last  report  of  the  College.    The  College  consists  of 
two  edifices  of  free-stone,  one  a  hundred  and  forty- 
eight  feet  long  by  forty-three  feet  wide,  and  four 
stories  high,  containing  forty-eight  rooms ;  the  other 
eighty-seven  feet  by  fifty-five,  and  three  stories  high, 
containing  the  Chapel,  Library,  Mineralogical  Cabinet, 
Philosophical  Chamber,  Laboratory,  and  Recitation 
rooms.    There  are  6,000  volumes  in  the  College 
library,  and  2,600  in  the  libraries  of  the  different 
Societies.    A  complete  philosophical  apparatus,  cabi- 
net of  minerals,  and  botamcal  garden  and  green-house, 
belong  to  the  Institution.    The  Faculty  consists  of  a 
President,  six  Professors,  and  two  Tutors.    There  are 
one  hundred  and  thirty  students  in  the  Institution. 

The  American  Asylum  for  the  instruction  of  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb  was  the  first  establishment  of  the 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


188 


kind  in  the  United  States.  It  was  opened  in  1BI7. 
It  has  spacious  buildings,  with  a  large  tract  of  land 
attached.  All  instruction  here  is  communicated  by 
means  of  signs.  I  saw  several  pupils  say  their  lessons, 
and  work  sums  in  arithmetic  on  the  black  board. 
The  Retreat  for  the  Insane  is  a  beautiful  stone  build- 
ing, opened  in  1824. 

^  One  of  the  most  interesting  Institutions  which  I 
visited  was  Wadsworth  Athenseum.    The  site  of  this 
buildmg  was  a  donation  from  Daniel  Wadsworth,  and 
the  building  was  erected  in  1844,  by  the  voluntary 
contributions  of  the  citizens ;  the  entu-e  cost  of  which 
was  over  {50,000.    It  is  a  granite  structure  of  the 
caateUated  style  of  architecture,  one  hundred  feet  in 
length  and  eighty  feet  in  depth.    It  is  appropriated 
to  four  distinct  Societies,  viz : —Young  Men*s  In- 
stitute, for  a    reading-room,  quarterly    and    other 
meetings,  and  for  their  library  of  10,000  volumes ; 
the  Connecticut  Historical  Society,  for  the  use  of  their 
books  and  other  collections  ;  the  Natural  History 
Society,  for  the  use  of  their  collections;  and  a  gallery 
of  splendid  Paintings,  some  of  which  are  eighteen  feet 
long.      There    are    also  some    beautiful    Statuary. 
Among  the  paintings  is  the  Battle  of  Bunker  HiU ; 
Declaration  of  Independence ;  Assault  of  Quebec ; 


184 


A  PEEP  AT 


also  a  full  length  portrait  of  Benjamin  West,  by  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence;  a  portrait  by  Raebum;  a  St. 
John,  by  Spagnolletto  ;  the  Children  of  Reubens,  and 
many  other  beautiful  pictures.    The  Rev.  Dr.  Rob- 
bins,  Congregational  Minister,  presented  the  Histori- 
cal Society  with  a  valuable  library  of  books.     This 
venerable  old  gentleman  is  a  library  in  himself,  and  is 
greatly  respected  by  all  the  citizens  of  Hartford.    The 
finest  and  most  beautiful  Churches  I  have  seen  in 
America  are  at  Hartford.    The  first  Church  estab- 
lished in  this  city  was  of  the  Congregational  order. 
The  first  Episcopal  Church  was  established  in  1762 ; 
the  first  Baptist,  in  1789 ;  the  first  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  in  1820  ;  and  the  first  Roman  Catholic, 
in  1881.    The  city  contains  sixteen  Churches,  viz :  -*• 
Four  Congregational,   and   one   African  Congrega- 
tional ;  two  Episcopalian ;  two  Baptist ;  one  Advent; 
two  Methodist,  and  one  African  Methodist ;    one 
Roman  Catholic  ;  one  tJniversalist,  and  one  Unitarian. 
While  at  Hartford  I  went  to  see  the  "  Charter  Oak," 
so  celebrated  in  the  History  of  Connecticut.    It  stands 
in  a  field  near  Charter  street,  at  the  south  part  of 
Main  street.      The   trunk  of  this    famous  tree  is 
twenty-one  feet  in  circumference.    The  cavity  which 
was  the  asylum  of  the  Charter  was  near  the  roots,  and 


UNCLE  SAM'S   FABM. 


185 


large  enough  to  admit  a  child,  which  in  the  course  of 
years  closed  up.    There  is  now  a  large  orifice  near 
the  roots,  which  is  closed  by  a  door.    It  was  locked 
at  the  time  of  my  visit.    The  history  of  the  Charter 
Oak  is  as  follows :—  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  being  ap- 
pointed  the  first  Governor  General  of  New  England, 
arrived  in  Boston  in  December,  1686,  from  whence 
he  wrote  to  the  Colony  of  Connecticut  to  resign  their 
Charter ;   they,  however,  did  not  comply  with  this 
request,  but  continued  to  meet  in  Legislative  Session 
as  heretofore.     Sir  Edmund,  with  his  suite  and  a  body 
of  troops,  visited  Hartford  while  the  Assembly  were 
in  session,  and  demanded  the  Charter,  and  declared 
the    Government  under   it  to  be  dissolved.      The 
Assembly,  however,   were  very  slow  to   pass  any 
resolution  to  give  up  the  Charter.    The  tradition  is, 
that  Governor  Treat  strongly  represented  the  great 
hardship  and    expense  he  and  his    fellow-colonists 
endured  in  defending  the  Colony,  both  against  the 
Indians  and  foreigners.     The  matter  was  debated  and 
kept  in  suspense  until  evening,  when  the  Charter  was 
brought  and  laid  upon  the  table  where  the  Assembly 
were  sitting;  the  lights  were  instantly  extinguished, 
when    Captain  Wadsworth,    silently  and    secretly, 
carried  off  the  Charter  and  hid  it  in  a  large  hollow 
16* 


186 


A  PBEP  AT 


tree.  The  people  all  appeared  quiet  and  orderly. 
The  candles  were  relighted,  but  the  Charter  was  gone, 
and  no  discovery  could  be  made  of  it,  or  the  person 
who  carried  it  away.  Sir  Edmund  Andres,  however, 
assumed  the  Government. 

Connecticut  is  the  State  of  which  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull was  Governor,  from  whom  originated  the  epithet 
'*  Brother  Jonathan,"  as  applied  to  Americans.  It  is 
said  that  General  Washington  was  accustomed  to 
consult  Governor  Trumbull  on  all  matters  of  im- 
portance, and  would  generally  say,  when  things  of 
importance  were  under  consideration,  "  I  nrast  seek 
the  advice  of  Brother  Jonathan." 

At  Hartford  I  first  saw  the  famous  General  Tom 
Thumb,  together  with  his  ponies  and  carriage,  pre- 
sented to  him  by  Queen  Victoria  ;  and  also  other 
valuable  ^fts  from  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe. 
While  I  was  at  Hartford,  the  news  of  the  death  of 
General  Taylor,  President  of  the  United  .  States, 
reached  that  city.  The  President's  death  was 
announced  by  the  firing  of  sixty-six  minute  guns  --- 
sixty-six  years  being  the  age  of  the  President.  The 
funeral  at  Washington  is  said  to  have  cost  over  $100,- 
000.  Some  time  afber  the  funeral  obsequies  in  Wash- 
ington, mock  funerals  took  place  at  Boston,  New 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


187 


York,  and  all  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union, 
attended  with  great  expense.  I  was  surprised  to  see 
so  intelligent  a  people  as  the  Americans  engage  in  so 
foolish  and  meaningless  a  display  to 

"  Mimic  sorrow,  when  the  heart's  not  sad." 

General  Taylor  was  a  slave-holder,  and  is  said  to 
have  had  upwards  of  three  hundred  slaves ;  he  ap^ 
peared,  however,  opposed  to  the  extension  of  Slavery, 
to  the  compromise  of  Messrs.  Clay,  Foote,  Wehster, 
and  others,  and  to  the  encroachment  of  Texas  on 
New  Mexico. 

The  following  is  a  brief  sketch  of  the  principal 
events  in  the  life  of  the  deceased  President,  and  also 
of  the  Hon.  Millard  Fillmore,  now  President  of  the 
United  States:  — 

General  Zachary  Taylor  was  born  in  Orange 
County,  Virginia,,  in  1790.  His  father.  Colonel 
Taylor,  served  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  in 
1790  emigrated  from  Virginia  to  Kentucky,  where 
he  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  labors  and  struggles 
of  the  early  settlers. 

In  May,  1808,  Zachary  Taylor  was  commissioned 
as  a  Lieutenant  in  the   7th  Regiment  of  U.  S.  In 
fantry,    In  1812  he  was  made  Captain,  and  placed  in 


188 


A  PEEP  AT 


command  of  Fort  Harrison,  on  the  Wabash.  When 
the  war  with  Great  Britain  commenced,  the  Fort  was 
attacked  by  four  hundred  Indians,  and  for  his  success- 
ful defence  of  it  he  was  brevetted  Major.  After  that 
war  he  received  the  rank  of  Colonel,  and  during  the 
Black  Hawk  war,  in  1832,  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Bad-axe,  which  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  Black  Hawk  and  the  Prophet. 

In  1836  he  was  ordered  to  Florida,  in  command  of 
a  separate  column,  and  in  December,  1837,  fought  at 
the  battle  of  Okee-cho-bee,  which  resulted  in  the  total 
defeat  of  a  large  body  of  the  Indians.  In  May, 
1845,  Texas  was  annexed  to  the  Union,  and  in  August 
following,  General  Taylor,  then  in  command  of  the 
first  department  of  the  army,  proceeded  with  a  portion 
of  his  troops  to  Corpus  Christi.  On  the  11th  of 
March,  1846,  he  took  up  his  line  of  march  for  the 
Rio  Grande,  where  he  arrived  on  the  28th.  On  the 
12th  of  April  he  was  summoned  by  the  Mexican 
General  to  evacuate  his  posts  on  the  river,  which  he 
refused  to  do.  On  the  1st  of  May  he  left  his  in- 
trenchments  opposite  Matamoras  to  open  the  com- 
munication with  Point  Isabel.  On  the  8th  of  May, 
on  his  return  to  relieve  Fort  Brown,  which  was  bom- 
barded by  the  Mexicans,  he  was  encountered  by  6000 


UNCLE  SAM'S    FARM. 


189 


of  the  enemy  at  Palo  Alto,  whom  he  defeated.    His 
own  force  consisted  of  2100  men.    The  next  day, 
the  9th,  he  again  met  them  at  Resaca  de  la  Palma, 
and  after  a  hard  fought  battle  routed  them  with  great 
slaughter,  and  took  possession  of  Matamoras.    These 
two  signal  victories,  obtained  with  such  disparity  of 
force,  produced  an  enthusiastic  admiration  of  General 
Taylor,  and  of  his  gallant  companions  in  arms.     On 
the  21st  and  22d  of  September  he  assaulted  Monte- 
rey,  a  fortified  city  in  Mexico,  which,  after  a  desperate 
resistance,  capitulated.    On  the  22d  February,  1847, 
with  a  force  consisting  of  five  thousand  men,  (General 
Wool  being  second  in  command, )  he  encountered  the 
Mexicans  at  Buena  Vista,  under  Santa  Anna,  twenty 
thousand  strong,  and  totally  defeated  them.    On  the 
14th  February,  1849,  on  an  examination  of  the  elec- 
toral votes  for  President  and  Vice  President,  he  was 
declared  duly  elected  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  was  inaugurated  the  4th  of  March  following. 

Hon.  Millard  Fillmore  was  born  in  Summer 
Hill,  Cayuga  county,  New  York,  January  7th,  1800. 
His  father,  Nathaniel  Fillmore,  is  a  farmer,  still  living 
in  Erie  county.  New  York.  Mr.  Fillmore  spent  four 
years,  in  early  life,  in  working  at  the  clothier's  trade, 
and  during  that  time  devoted  all  his  leisure  hours  to 


100 


A  PEEr   AT 


reading  and  stu/^y.  At  the  ago  of  nineteen  he 
f«  fir" ''ted  the  notice  of  J  idge  Wood,  of  Cayuga 
count)*  who  took  him  into  his  office.  In  1821  he 
removed  to  Buffalo,  and  entered  a  law  office,  teaching 
for  his  maintenance  until  tho  year  1823,  when  he  was 
licensed  to  practice  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 
In  1827  he  was  admitted  an  Attorney  in  tho  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State  of  New  York.  In  1829  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Assembly  from  Erie  county, 
and  was  twice  re-elected.  He  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress in  the  fall  of  1882,  and  after  the  expiration  of 
his  term  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In 
1886  ho  was  again  sent  to  Congress,  and  was  subse- 
quently re-elected  for  another  term.  During  this 
Session  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Committee 
of  ways  and  means.  In  1844  he  was  nominated  by 
the  Whig  party  as  their  candidate  for  Governor.     In 

1847  he  was  elected  Comptroller  of  the  State.     In 

1848  he  was  elected  Vice  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  on  the  fourth  of  March,  1849,  ho  entered 
upon  the  duties  of  the  office. 

It  is  a  singular  fact,  remarks  the  Philadelphia 
Bulletin,  that  within  a  space  of  a  little  over  nine  years 
thert  \iv9  been  six  Presidents  of  the  United  States : 
Tan  ]3i .  n.  Wiv,rch  3d,  1841 ;  Harrison,  from  March 


UNCLE  SAM'S  i^  ARM. 


191 


4th  to  April  4th,  1841 ;  Tyler,  from  April  4th,  1841, 
to  March  4th,  1845 ;  Polk,  from  xvlarch  4tb,  1845,  to 
March  4th,  1849  ;  Tajlor,  from  March  4th,  1849,  to 
July  9th,  1850,  and  on  the  10th  of  July,  1850,  Mil- 
lard I'illmore  succeeded  to  the  office.  Previous  to 
*>.at  time  there  had  been  but  eight  occupants  of  the 
office  during  a  period  of  fifty-two  years.  The  periods 
of  service,  age,  &c.,  of  the  various  Presidents,  from 
Washington  to  Taylor,  inclusive,  are  given  below :  - 


James  K.  Polk  was  the  youngest  of  the  Presidents 
at  the  time  of  his  inauguration,  being  but  forty-nine 
years  and  four  months  old.    Mr.  Fillmore  is  the  next 


Afeat 

Afe  at 

^M 

Service. 

Botii'd. 

Died. 

Retire't. 

D«&tb. 

^^H 

Washington, 

8  years 

1797 

1799 

66 

68 

Hj 

John  Adams, 

4  years 

1801 

1826 

66 

90 

^  wM 

Jefferson, 

8  years 

1809 

1826 

66 

84 

11 

Madison, 

8  years 

1817 

1836 

66 

86 

1 

Monroe, 

8  years 

1825 

1831 

66 

72 

B| 

J.  Q.  Adams, 

4  years 

1829 

1848 

62 

81 

Bi 

Jackson, 

8  years 

1838 

1845 

70 

78 

■H 

Van  Baren, 

4  years 

1841 

59 

^H 

Harrison, 

1  month 

1841 

69 

^H 

Tyler, 

3  yrs.  1 1 

mo.  1845 

55 

n 

lolk. 

4  years 

1849 

1849 

54 

54 

^s 

Taylor, 

1  year  1 1 

mo. 

1850 

66 

MB 

192 


A  PEEP  AT 


youngest,  being  at  the  present  time  fifty  years  old. 
Jackson  was  the  oldest  of  the  Presidents  at  the  time 
of  his  retirement,  and  John  Adams  was  the  oldest  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  The  youngest  of  the  Presi- 
dents, at  the  time  of  his  retirement  and  his  death, 
was  James  K.  Polk. 

Great  excitement  at  present  prevails  in  all  the 
Northern  States  against  the  "Fugitive  Slave  Law," 
which  the  Government  recently  passed.  This  law 
disregards  all  the  ordinary  securities  of  personal 
liberty ;  tramples  on  the  Constitution  by  its  denial  of 
the  rights  of  trial  by  jury,  Habeas  CorpuSf  and  ap- 
peal ;  and  which  enacts,  that  any  person  who  shall 
harbor  or  conceal  a  fugitive  slave  shall  be  subject  to 
a  fine  of  one  thousand  dollars  and  imprisonment  for 
six  months.  Public  meetings  are  being  held  through- 
out the  Free  States,  in  condemnation  of  this  iniquitous 
law.  In  Worcester  a  Committee  of  Vigilance  has 
been  appointed,  numbering  forty  persons,  who  are  to 
look  out  for  the  appearance  of  slave-catchers,  and  to 
request  them,  as  soon  as  known,  to  leave  the  city. 
One  of  the  resolutions  passed  at  the  pubUc  meeting 
held  at  the  City  Hall,  is  as  follows :  — 

"  That  as  God  is  our  helper,  we  will  not  suffer  any 
person,  charged  with  being  a  fugitive  from  labor,  to  be 


DNCLE   SAM'S   FARM. 


193 


taken  from  among  u3 ;  and  to  this  resolve  we  pledge 
our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor." 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  Slates,  (Art  4 
See  2)  provides  that  "No  person,  held  to  service 
or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping 
into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or 
regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or 
labor ;  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party 
to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. "    This  is 
the  only  clause  which  provides  for  the  return  of 
persons  held  to  service  or  labor.    Some  contend  that 
It  refers  to  apprentices  and  servants  generally,  and 
not  particularly  to  slaves.    The  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  however,  provides  for  a  fw-  and  im- 
partial trial  by  jury,  which  right  is  denied  by  the 
infamous  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

One  could  hardly  believe  that  in  America,  «  the 
home  of  the  brave,  and  the  land  of  the  free  "  he 
would  read  in  the  New  Orleans  papers  advertisements 
of  Sheriifi'  sales  of  property,  among  which  are  four 
lote  of  slaves :  -one  lot  containing  one  hundred  and 
seventy-eight  slaves,  men,  women  and  children,  rang- 
ing from  two  years  old  to  mature  age ;  to  be  sold 
with  the  estates  on  which  they  work,  without  reserve 
to  the  highest  bidder  in  the  New  Orleans  market.  ' 
17 


194 


A  PEEP  AT 


Donng  the  summer,  Box  Brown  was  exhibiting  at 
Worcester  a  Panorama  of  Southern  Slavery.  At  the 
exhibition  I  heard  him  give  the  following  account  of 
himself.  A  few  months  ago  a  gentleman  in  Kentucky 
managed  to  open  a  correspondence  with  a  gentleman 
in  Philadelphia,  with  a  view  to  efifect  his  escape  from 
bondage.  Having  arranged  ever^  thing,  the  gentle- 
man paid  a  person  $40  to  box  him  up,  and  mark  him 
'^  This  side  up,  with  care,''  and  take  him  to  the  ex- 
press office,  consigned  to  his  friend  at  Philadelphia. 
On  the  passage,  being  on  board  of  a  steamboat,  he 
was  accidentally  turned  head  downwards,  and  almost 
died  with  the  flow  of  blood  to  his  head.  At  the  next 
change  of  transportation,  however,  he  was  turned 
right  side  up  again ;  and  after  a  passage  of  twenty- 
six  hours  arrived  safely  at  his  destination.  On  receiv- 
ing the  box,  the  gentleman  at  Philadelphia  began  to 
doubt  whether  he  should  find  him  alive.  He  tapped 
lightly  on  the  box,  inquiring,  "  All  right  ?  "  and  was 
answered,  "All  right,  sir."  Poor  Brown  was  in- 
stantly liberated  from  his  "  living  death." 

The  number  of  slaves  in  the  Umted  States  is  about 
three  millions.  The  following  is  taken  from  the  "  Al- 
bany Evemng  Journal : "  — 

"  The  progress  of  the  Free  and  Slave  States  is  in- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


195 


iTicative  of  the  merits  of  their  respective  political  and 
social  systems.  In  this  view  the  following  comparison 
IS  of  great  value  : 


Free 
States. 


Slare 
Statea.      Uai. 


30 
43 
63 

78 
89 
99 
88 


5 
9 
13 
25 
34 
42 
47 


Bjr  the  2d  section,  article  1,  of 
tho  Constitution,  the  repre- 
sentation in  the  House  stood,  35 
By  the  1st  census,  57 
By  the  2d  census,  75 
By  the  3d  census,  1Q3 
By  the  4th  census,  123 
By  the  5th  census,  X41 
By  the  6th  census,  (1840,)  135 

« It  must  be  remarked  that  since  the  last  census, 
Wisconsin,  with  three  members,  Iowa,  with  two,  Flor- 
Ida,  with  one,  and  Texas,  with  two,  have  been  admit- 
ted, thus  making  the  majority  of  the  Free  States  49. 
The  present  census  will  no  doubt  largely  increase  the 
disparity.  The  admission  of  California  will  of  itself 
increase  the  majority  to  fifty-one." 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  speech  of  Hon. 
C.  E.  Clarke,  of  New  York,  in  the  house  of  Repre- 
sentatives, during  the  session  of  1850 :  — 

^'The  area  of  Virginia  is  61,352  square  miles. 


196 


A  PEEP  AT 


The  area  of  New  York  is  46,000.  If  the  states  of 
Vermont  and  Massachusetts  were  added  to  New  York, 
their  joint  area  would  be  72  square  miles  less  than 
that  of  Virginia  alone.  The  soil  of  Virginia  is  nat- 
urally as  fertile  as  that  of  New  York,  her  resources 
of  the  forest  as  great,  her  mineral  resources  at  least 
equal,  her  fisheries  vastly  more  valuable,  her  hydraulic 
power  as  great,  her  position  for  commerce  and  her 
natural  channels  for  commerce  better,  her  climate  is 
immeasurably  superior. 

"In  1790,  the  population  of  Virginia  was  748,308, 
of  which  203,427  were  slaves.  The  population  of 
New  York,  340,120,  of  which  21,324  were  slaves. 
Virginia  had  226,085  more  white  inhabitants  than 
New  York,  and  182,103  more  slaves.  In  short,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1790,  had  408,188  more  inhabitants  than 
New  York. 

"  In  New  York  the  number  of  slaves  gradually  di- 
minished till  1820,  when  slavery  became  extinct. 

"  In  Virginia,  slaves  rapidly  increased,  till  in  1840 
they  numbered  448,987,  and  her  white  population 
numbered  790,510.  In  all,  bond  and  free,  1 ,239,- 
797 ;  while  the  free  white  population  of  New  York 
had  increased  to  2,428,921  —  a  difference  in  the  in- 
crease of  the  whole  number  of  1,597,312,  and  a  dif- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


197 


ference  in  the  increase  of  the  free  white  inhabitante 
of  1,864,191  in  fifty  years. 

"la  that  period  Virginia  has  ma^e  381  mfles  of 
raUroad;  New  York  about  1,000.  Virginia  has 
n^e  about  182  miles  of  canal;  New  York  about 
ooO  miles. 

The  School  Fund  in  New  York  is  *-  .„,  ^nV 

That  of  Virginia  U^fiOi 

The  proactive  Pnblic  Property  of  New  York,  is  3^1 

The  pHHiaCve  Public  Property  of  Vi^nia.  is  6.107  364 
The  Domestic  Produce  exported  by  New  York  in  1848 

amounted  to  ' 

38  77l  904 

Exported  by  Tirginia  the  same  year,  amounted  to  3.679'^ 

New  Yoric  exported  of  Foreign  Produce  U579w« 

Virginia  exported  of  Foreign  Produce  *    ,'«! 

"  Virginia,  the  mother  of  the  Presidents,  the  Old 
.  Dominion,  larger  and  of  greater  natural  capacity  than 
New  York,  Vermont,  and  Massachusette,  combined, 
exported,  in  the  year  of  grace,  1848,  to  the  atnazing 
amount  of  $1,554  -  about  the  ratio  of  100  to  1  000  - 
000.  V      * 

"  The  registered  and  enrolled  tonnage  of  Virginia  in 
1848  was  128,364  tons;  that  of  New  York  845,742 
tons  —  717,378  tons  difference.  The  State  of  New 
York  paid  to  this  Government  for  postage,  in  ihe  year 
ending  June  30th,  1849,  $694,532.81.  The  Stete 
17* 


198 


A  PEEP  AT 


of  Virginia  paid  in  the  same  year  for  postage  ^109,- 
301.93.  The  transportation  of  the  mail  in  New 
York  cost  the  Government,  in  the  same  year,  $238,- 
680;  in  Virginia,  166,180.  New  York  pays  in 
postage  $456,002  more  than  it  costs  to  transport  the 
mail  in  that  State.  Vir^nia  pays  in  postage  $56,- 
838  less  than  it  costs  to  transport  the  mail  in  Virginia 
—  a  diflference  between  these  two  States  of  $512,- 
835  in  one  year.  Virginia  does  not  pay  for  the 
transportation  of  the  mail  within  $56,833.  There 
are  but  three  Slave  States  —  Delaware,  Missouri,  and 
Louisiana  —  that  do  pay  their  own  postage.  It  costs 
this  Government  to  transport  the  mail  in  the  Slave 
States  $519,438.15  more  than  those  States  pay  in 
postage.  There  are  twelve  States  in  the  Union  from 
which  bounty  lands  have  been  distributed  for  service 
in  the  Mexican  war  —  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, Alabama,  Iowa,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Michi- 
gan, Arkansas,  Wisconsin,  and  Florida.  Six  of  these 
are  free,  six  slaveholding.  The  area  of  the  six  slave- 
holding  States  ie  323,146,  that  of  the  six  free  States 
is  290,259  square  miles  —  32,887  square  miles  more 
in  the  six  slave  than  in  the  six  free  States.  These 
six  slave  States  have  a  better  climate,  and  are  better 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


199 


located,  are  as  fertile,  and  have  greater  natural  advan- 
tages  than  the  six  free  States. 

"  There  have  been  located  in  those  States  for  military 
services  in  the  Mexican  war,  up  to  March  28th,  1850, 
41,780  land  warrants,  of  which  34,434  have  been 
located  in  the  six  free  States,  and  only  7,346  in  the 
slave  States  ~  about  six  to  one.  The  soldier  who 
locates  his  land  with  the  view  of  being  a  freeholder, 
and  having  a  farm  and  a  home,  the  speculator  who 
buys  to  sell  again,  rush,  full  gallop,  to  the  free  State 
—  they  flee  from  the  slave  State  as  they  would  from 
the  Cholera." 

At  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  in 
1776,  the  whole  number  of  slaves  in  the  colonies  was 
estimated  at  500,000,  and  they  were  divided  among 
them  as  follows  :  — 

Massachusetts,  3  ^qq 

Rhode  Island,  4  370 

Connecticut,  ^  qqq 

New  Hnmpshire,  ^39 

New  York,  i^qq^^ 

New  Jersey,  >^^qqq 

Pennsylvania,  io,000 

Delaware,  9  ^^^ 

Maryland,  qq^qqq 


200 


A  PEEP  AT 

Virginia, 
North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina, 
Georgia, 

165,000 
75,000 

110,000 
16,000 

Total,  602,144 

In  August,  1620,  the  first  slaves  ever  brought  to 
this  country  were  landed  on  James  river,  in  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  from  a  Dutch  ship-of-war. 

From  1776  to  1790  the  slave  population  in  the 
United  States  increased  about  39  per  cent.  The  cen- 
sus of  1800  exhibited  a  slave  population  of  893,041 ; 
that  of  1810,  1,104,364;  of  1820,  1,638,964;  of 
1830,  2,009,031 ;  of  1840,  2,486,355  ;  and  of  1850, 
2,959,137. 

I  very  recently  had  the  pleasure  of  hearing  George 
Thompson,  M.  '^.  for  the  Tower  Hamlets  of  London, 
the  largest  constituency  in  England,  deliver  an  elo- 
quent and  powerful  speech  in  the  City  Hall  of  Wor- 
cester. Speaking  of  the  political  institutions  of  Eng- 
land, Mr.  Thompson  said : 

"  Our  system  is  a  fetid  dunghill,  out  of  which 
springs,  with  frightful  luxuriance,  under  the  warm  sun 
of  every  general  election,  all  kinds  of  rank  weeds 
and  poisonous  plants.    It  is  a  stagnant  reservoir  of 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


201 


putrid  water,  breeding  from  year  to  year  every  perni- 
C.0U8  exhalation,  and  all  sorts  of  noxious  reptiles,  to 
find  their  way  at  every  election  into  the  regions  of 
pollution  and  iniquity,  and  which  are  always  to  be 
traced  by  the  filthy  slime  they  leave  behind  them.'* 

He  referred  t«  Massachusetts,  and  his  advocacy  of 
slavery  emancipation,  as  follows  :— 

*'  Massachusetts  has  not  forgotten  the  God  that 
guided  the  Mayflower  to  Plymouth  rock  -  and  though 
the  peerless  intellect  of  Massachusetts  may  suffer 
from  the  stroke  of  a  Southern  sun,  the  heart  of  the 
old  Bay  State  is  sound,  and  still  beats  responsive  to 
the  instincts  of  nature,  the  dictates  of  humanity,  and 
the  claims  of  the  trembling  outcast  who  a^ks  a  shelter 
on  her  soil. 

"  If  it  be  imputed  to  me  that  I  have  identified  my- 
self with  those  who  are  held  in  slavery  on  this  soil, 
and  have  sought  to  promulgate  the  doctrines  of  eman- 
cipation,  I  acknowledge  the  justice  of  the  impeach- 
ment, and  plead  guilty.     My  offence  reaches  far  be- 
yond the  limits  of  the  United  States.     My  aspirations 
for  freedom  are  as  wide  as  the  soil  polluted  by  the 
footprints  of  a  tyrant.     In  advocating  the  rights  of 
humanity  I  know  of  no  geographical  boundaries.     I 
walk  upon  God's  earth,  among  God's  children,  and 


202 


A  PEEP  AT 


wherever  I  see  one  of  them  smitten  down,  I  will  de- 
nounce the  agjjressor,  and  demand  the  deliverance  of 
the  captive." 

I  endeavored  to  give  ^fr.  Thompson  some  informa- 
tion regarding  the  miserable  blundering  of  the  Colo- 
nial Office,  in  regard  to  ruling  the  Colony  of  New- 
foundland. Lord  Boughing  has  announced  his  inten- 
tion to  visit  America  during  the  year. 

A  very  important  reduction  has  been  made  in  the 
rates  of  postage  by  the  United  States  Government. 
Previous  to  the  law  of  1845,  under  the  old  postage 
rate,  the  letters  decreased  in  number  from  29,860,- 
992  to  24,267,552,  and  remained  nearly  &i:!:.fcionary, 
at  24,000,000,  for  several  years.  The  Post  Office 
revenue,  also,  decreased  about  $700,000.  In  July, 
1845,  the  law  reducing  the  rates  of  postage  to  five 
cents  and  ten  cents  (more  than  50  per  cent.)  went 
into  operation.  The  result  of  this  reduction  has  been 
the  increase  of  letters  during  the  year  1850  to  62,- 
000,000,  with  a  corresponding  revenue.  The  gross 
revenue  of  the  department,  according  to  the  Report 
of  the  Postmaster  General,  for  1850,  was  $5,552,971, 
of  which  $4,775,663  accrued  from  letters.  The  ex- 
penses were  $5,212,053,  leaving  an  excess  in  favor 
of  the  Department  of  $340,018,  and  making  all  of 


CNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


208 


.t3  available  fund,  «1,132,026.  Sixteen  Mail  Steam- 
era  are  employed  in  communication  between  the  At- 
Unuc^d  Pacific.  The  whole  number  ofPost  Offices 
«  18,64T.    Different  mail  routes,  167,703  miles.    It 

of  «800,000  are  sent  and  received  free  through 
the  maU.  This  is  owing  to  the  franUn,  privilege ; 
membe..  of  the  legislature  being  allowed  free 
postage. 

^  The  new  postage  law  comes  into  operaUon  on  the 
first  of  Jdy,  1851,  when  letters  are  to  be  carried 
throughout  the  length  and   breadth  of  the  United 
States  at  a  uniform,  pre-paid  rate,  of  three  cents,  aid 
newspapers  circulated  free  of  postage  within  a  circuit 
of  30  miles  from  the  place  where  they  are  printed ; 
half  a  cent  within  100  miles,  and  one  cent  for  all  dis^ 
tanoes  beyond.    In  order  to  make  the  postal  system 
complete,  the  ocean  postage  should  be  reduced  to  one 
penny      We  hope  this  great  desideratum  will  soon  be 
conceded. 

^  In  Great  Britain,  under  the  penny  postage  system, 
the  letters  increased  from  seven.y-six  millions,  under 
«.e  0  d  system,  to  359,000,000,  being  nearly  a  mil-  ' 
lion  letters  a  day;   besides  this,  there  were  issued 
Within  the  year  no  less  than  4,203,727  money  orders 


204 


A  PEEP   AT 


or  receipts  for  money  paid  at  one  office  and  to  be  re- 
paid at  another,  to  the  amount  of  $40,756,475.  The 
gross  receipts  of  the  British  Post  Office  for  1849  were 
$10,962,390 ;  expenditures,  $6,984,265 ;  net  rev- 
enue, $3,702,145. 

America  is  the  largest  country  in  the  world,  pos- 
sessing a  greater  extent  of  territory  than  any  nation 
either  in  ancient  or  modem  times. 

The  commerce  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi 
alone  is  estimated  at  the  value  of  J 439,000,000  ;  be- 
ing double  the  amount  of  the  whole  foreign  commerce 
of  the  United  States.  The  number  of  steamboats  on 
the  "  Father  of  waters,"  the  Mississippi,  in  1848, 
was  572;  tonnage,  118,655  ;  valued  at  $5,189,979. 

Previous  to  the  year  1800,  some  eight  or  ten  keel 
boats  performed  all  the  carrying  trade  between  Cin- 
cinnati and  Pittsburg.  In  1802,  the  first  Govern- 
ment vessel  appeared  on  Lake  Erie.  In  1811,  the 
first  steamboat,  the  Orleans,  was  launched  at  Pitts- 
burg. Previous  to  1817,  about  twenty  barges,  aver- 
aging one  hundred  tons  burden,  comprised  all  the 
facilities  for  commercial  transportation  between  New 
Orleans  and  the  country  on  the  Ohio  river  as  high  up 
as  Louisville  and  Cincinnati.  Each  of  these  boats 
made  one  trip  down  and  back,  between  those  two 


UNCLE   SAM'S    FARM. 


205 


places  and  No.v  Orleans,  each  year.  On  the  upper 
Ohio,  from  the  falls  to  Pittsburg,  some  one  hundred 
and  fifty  keel  boats  wore  employed  about  1815  -  '17. 
The  average  size  of  these  was  about  thirty  tons ;  and 
they  occupied  from  six  to  seven  weeks  in  makin-  tha 
voyage  both  ways.  ° 

In  the  year  1818  the  first  steamboat,  the  Walk-in. 
the-water,  was  built  on  Lake  Erie.     In  1819  this  boat 
appeared  in  two  or  three  trips  on  Lake  Huron.     It 
was  not,  however,  until  the  year  1826  that  the  waters 
of  the  Michigan  were  first  plowed  by  the  keel  of  a 
steamboat ;   a  pleasure  trip  from  Bufialo  to  Green 
Bay  having  been  planned  and  executed  in  the  sum- 
mer  of  this  year.     In  1832  the  first  steamboat  ap~ 
peared  in  Chicago.     In  1833  nearly  the  entire  trade 
of  the  Upper  Lakes  -Erie,  Huron,  and  Michigan  -> 
was  carried  on  by  eleven  small  steamboats.     So  much 
for  a  beginning.     , 

In  the  year  1845,  there  were  upon  the  Upper 
Lakes  sixty  vessels,  including  propellers,  moved  bj 
steam,  and  three  hundred  and  twenty  sailing  vessels  ; 
the  former  measured  twenty  thousand  tons  in  the  ag« 
gregate ;  and  some  of  the  latter  carrying  one  thou- 
sand to  twelve  hundred  tons  each.  In  1846,  accord> 
ing  to  the  official  statements  exhibiting  «  the  consoU- 
18 


206 


A  PEEP  AT 


t 


<#■ 


dating  returns  of  both  exports  and  imports,"  the  mo- 
neyed  value  of  the  commerce  of  the  harbors  of  Erie 
was  $49,142,750.  The  average  annual  increase,  for 
the  five  years  previous,  is  shown  by  the  same  oflficial 
document3  to  have  been  eighteen  per  cent.  Suppo- 
sing it  to  have  been  ten  per  cent,  per  annum  for  the 
four  years  since,  it  will  give  $68,799,850  as  the  pres- 
ent net  money  value  to  the  commerce  of  Erie  and 
Michigan. 

In  the  year  1834  the  number  of  steamboats  on 
the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers,  and  their  tributaries, 
was  ascertained  to  be  two  hundred  and  thirty,  with 
an  aggregate  carrying  capacity  equal  to  thirty-nine 
thousand  tons.  At  the  present  time  the  entire  num- 
ber of  steamboats  running  on  the  Mississippi  and 
Ohio,  and  their  tributaries,  is  probably  over  rather 
than  under  six  hundred ;  the  aggregate  tonnage  of 
which  is  not  short  of  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand 
tons.  In  1846,  Col.  Aberfc,  from  reliable  data,  esti- 
mated the  net  value  of  the  trade  of  the  Western 
rivers  at  $183,609,735  per  year.  In  1848,  Judge 
Hall  stated  it  at  $220,000,000,  in  his  statistics; 
while  the  United  States  have  since  ordered  a  docu- 
ment to  be  printed  which  estimates  it  at  $256,133,- 
820,  for  the  year  1849 !    The  same  document  puts 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FABM. 


207 


the  aggregate  value  of  the  vessels  employed  in  this 
commerce  at  $18,661,500. 

A  monster  steamer,  four  hundred  feet  in  length, 
has  been  contracted  for  at  Cincinnati,  to  run  as  a  reg- 
ular ten-day  packet  between  Louisville  and  New  Or- 
leans. She  will  cost  $240,000,  and  will  be  the  most 
splendid  craft  afloat  at  the  West. 

The  following  interesting  account  of  the  first  steam, 
ship  that  ever  crossed  the  Atlantic  is  taken  from  the 
"  New  York  Journal  of  Commerce." 

"  To  the  American  steamship  Savannah,  built  by 
Crocker  &  Fickitt,  at  Corlear's  Hook,  in  this  city,  is 
universally  conceded   the  honor  of  being  the   first 
steam  propelled  vessel  that  ever  crossed  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.      From  the   memory  of  one  of  those   who 
formed  her  crew,  (Mr.  A.  Thomas,  then  fireman,) 
and  believed  to  be,  with  one  exception,  the  only  sur- 
vivor, we  are  enabled  to  give  a  succinct  narrative  of 
her  voyage.     According  to  his  understanding  of  the 
facts,  she  was  built  by  a  company  of  gentlemen  with 
a  view  of  selling  her  to  the  Emperor  of  Russia.     This 
company  was  organized  through  the  agency  of  Capt. 
Moses  Rogers,  afterwards  her  commander.     The  Sa- 
vannah was  a  vessel  of  380  tons,  ship  rigged,  and  was 


"*,i 


208 


A  PEEP  AT 


furnished  with  a  horizontal  engine.     This  was  placed 
between  decks  —  boilers  in  the  lower  hold. 

"  The  Savannah  sailed  from  New  York,  *  in  the  sec- 
ond year  of  the  presidency  of  James  Munroe/  to  use 
the  words  of  our  informant,  or  in  the  year  1819. 
She  first  went  to  Savannah.    The  passage  occupied 
seven  days,  four  of  which   she   was  under  steam. 
There  she  was  chartered  by  the  corporation,  as  an  act 
of  courtesy,  to  proceed  to  Charleston  for  the  purpose 
-  of  affording  President  Munroe,  who  was  then  on  a 
travelling  tour  through  the  States,  with  a  pleasure 
excursion.     For  some  reason  he  failed  to  go,  and  the 
steamer  returned  to  Savannah.     While  there,  forming 
an  object  of  much  attraction,  she  took  out  a  pleasure 
party  to  Tybee  Light.     From  Savannah  she  proceeded 
direct  to  Liverpool,  where  she  arrived  after  a  passage 
of  eighteen  days,  during  seven  of  which  she  was  under 
steam. 

"  When  about  entering  St.  George's  Channel,  off 
the  city  of  Cork,  she  was  descried  by  the  commander  of 
the  British  fleet  then  lying  at  that  city.  Seeing  a 
huge  mass  of  smoke  ascending  from  the  vessel, 
enveloping  her  rigging,  and  overshadowing  the  sky, 
he  naturally  inferred  that  a  vessel  was  on  fire  and  in 
distress,   and   with   commendable    promptitude   des- 


ONOLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


SOS 


liatehed  two  outtera  to  her  relief.     After  passing 
near  her  a  few  times,    taking  a  full  survey,  and 
fimg  a  few  guns  across  her  stem,   the   steamer 
was  boarded.    Finally,  being  satisfied  that  all  was 
nght,  the  cutters    bore  away.     The  news  of  her 
approach    having    been    telegraphed  to  Liverpool, 
as  she  drew  near  the  city,  with  her  sails  furled,  and 
the  American  colors  flying,    the    pier-heads    were 
thronged  by  many  thousand  persons  who  greeted  her 
with  the  most  enthusiastic  cheers. 

«  Before  she  came  t»  anchor,  the  decks  were  so 
/crowded  that  it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  men  could 
move  from  one  part  to  another  in  the  performance  of 
their  duty.     She  was  afterwards  visited  by  many 
persons  of  distinction,  and  departed  for  Elsinore,  on 
her  way  to  St.  Petersburg.     She  next  touched  at 
Copenhagen,  where  she  remained  two  weeks.   During 
her  stay,  Mr.  Hughes,  the  American  consul,  went 
out  in  her  on  a  pleasure  excursion,  about  fourteen 
miles,  accompanied  by  the  king   and  other  noted 
personages.    From  Copenhagen  she  went  to  Croi^- 
stadt  and  St.  Petersburg.      Not  being  able  to  get 
over  the  bar,  at  the  latter  place,  she  lay  opposite  the 
orty,  six  miles  distant.    Here,  too,  she  was   visited 
by  the  American  Consul,  Mr.  Campbell,  and  by  the 
18* 


-i  '-r 


210 


A  PEEP  AT 


Emperor.  Here,  as  at  other  places,  she  \vaa  an 
object  of  much  wonderment.  She,  however,  was  not 
«old,  as  had  been  expected,  and  sailed  for  home,  put- 
ting into  Erriugton,  on  the  coast  of  Norway,  on  the 
passage.  From  the  latter  place  she  was  twentj-two 
days  in  reaching  Savannah.  On  account  of  the  high 
price  of  fuel,  she  carried  no  steam  on  the  return 
passage,  and  the  wheels  were  taken  off.  A  similar 
course  was  adopted  during  a  portion  of  the  time 
occupied  by  the  passage  out  from  the  United  States. 
As  it  was  nearly  or  quite  impossible  to  carry  suflScient 
fuel  for  the  voyage,  during  pleasant  weather  the 
wheels  were  removed,  and  canvas  substituted.  On 
nearing  Liverpool,  the  more  effectually  to  <  astonish 
the  natives,*  the  wheels  were  restored.  At  the 
completion  of  this  voyage,  the  Savannah  was  pur- 
chased by  Captain  Nat.  Holdredge,  divested  of  the 
steam  apparatus,  and  used  as  a  packet  between 
Savannah  and  New  York.  She  subsequently  went 
on  shore  on  Long  Island,  and  broke  up.        \ 

"  Although  Captain  Rodgers  was  offered  $100,000 
for  her,  by  the  King  of  Sweden,  to  be  paid  in  hemp 
and  iron,  delivered  at  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
Boston,  the  offer  was  not  accepted  —  the  cash  being 
wanted.  It  is  said  that  $50,000  or  $60,000  were 
sunk  in  this  transaction. 


jCf 


ONCLE   SAM'S    FAKII. 


211 


Captain  Eodger3,  the  commanderof  the  Savannah, 
died  a  few  years  ago  on  the  Pee  D»e  river,  North 
Carohna.  He  is  believed  to  be  the  first  man  that 
ran  a  steamboat  either  to  Philadelphia  or  Baltimore. 
The  mate  was  named  Stephen  Rodgers,  and  now 
resides  at  New  London,  Connecticut."       " 

It  is  but  about  half  a  century' since  Robert  Fulton 
first  apphed  the  wonderful  agency  of  steam  to  the 
propellmg  of  boats.    Now  it  is  stated  that  the  entire 
European  capital  in  steamboats  is   $140,000,000. 
Of  the  English  1,300  boats,  not  fewer  than  TOO  are 
sea  boats.    It  is  less  than  thirty  years  since  the  first 
steamer  navigated  a  German    river.      The    steam 
navgation  of  the  Rhino  did  not  begin  till  1827,  nor 
hat  of  the  Upper  Elbe  till  1837.    How  significantly 
does  the  progress  of  society  in   the  arts,  and  the 
means  of  intercommunication,  foreshadow  the  coming 
of  the  day  when  "  many  shall  run  to  and  fro,  and 
knowledge  shall  be  increased."   Ours  are  tixes  full  of 
the  seeds  of  future   wonders.      How    thoughtfully 
should  the  influence  which  we  may  e.ert  after  we  are 
dead  be  put  forth  at  such  a  time 

The  "Old  Thirteen"  United  States,  with  Ver- 
mont, contained  371,124  square  miles.  The  thirty 
States,  now  in  the  Union,  include    a  territory  of 


212 


A  PEEP  AT 


1,449,124  square  miles.  The  following  is  the  total 
extent  of  territory  over  which  the  stars  and  stripes 
wave,  larger  than  the  whole  of  Uurope. 

Sq.  miles. 
Total  surface  of  old  territory,  east  of  the  Eocky 

Mountains,  994,435 

Total  of  new  territory,  west    of  the    Rocky 

Mountains,  807,741 

Texas,  in  square  miles,  325,520 

Total  north  of  36'  30",  1,644,784 

Total  south  of  36'  30",  545.012 


Total, 


4,377,492 


Length  of  the  United  States  sea-coast :  — 


Atlantic  coast, 

Gulf  coast, 

Pacific  coast, 

"  Shore  line,"  including  bays,  lakes,  &c., 


Miles. 
1,900 
1,600 
1,620 
33,063 


The  value  of  the  American  lake  commerce,    in 
1847,  was  as  follows :  — 


Lake  Ontario, 
Lake  Erie, 
Upper  Lakes, 


Importa. 
$9,668,445 
51,450,975 

5,087,158 


Exports. 
$11,627,770 
58,147,058 
5,309,105 


Total, 


$66,226,618 


$75,683,933 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FAR»f. 


213 


Extent  of  the  groat  lakes  :  — 


Champlain, 

St.  Clair, 

Ontario, 

Erie, 

Huron, 

Michigan, 

Superior, 

Total 


Len 
m: 


105 
18 
180 
240 
270 
340 
420 

1,570 


rtsth  in  Greatest  Average     Souar« 
'lies.        width,     width.       S 


12 
25 
52 
57 

105 
83 

135 


469       .326 


Greatest 
depth 

282 
44 

591 

270 
2,800 
1,013 

940 


It  is  estimated  that  there  are  22,000  miles  of  mag- 
netic telegraph  throughout  the  United  States. 

The  following  is  the  number  of  emigrants  who 
went  overland  to  California,  in  1850,  according  to 
the  register  kept  at  Fort  Lawrence  ;  — 


Men, 

Women, 

Children, 

Total, 


39,500 

2,500 

600 

42,600 


It  is  supposed  that  at  least  one-fifth  did  not  enter 
their  names.  The  Mormon  emigration  is  set  down  ,X 
5000.  The  animals  recorded  are  23,000  horses 
8,000  mules,  86,000  oxen,  7,000  cows.  There  was' 
great  suffering  from  scarcity,  and  it  is  supposed  there 
must  be  at  least  a  thousand  deaths  between  Mis- 
souri and  Sacramento. 


214 


A  PEEP  AT 


The  whole  number  of  vessels  cleared  from  the 
different  ports  of  the  United  States  for  California, 
in  1850,  was  698. 

It  is  estimated  that  California  has  sent  into  the 
world,  during  the  past  two  years,  full  one  hundred 
and  fifty  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  geld  dust, 
which  is  said  to  have  been  distributed  as  follows :  — 


Shipped  to  the  United  States, 

Taken  to  Oregon  by  miners, 

Taken  to  Mexico  by  miners. 

Taken  to  England,  through  Mexico, 

Taken  to  England,  via  Panama, 

Shipped  to  South  America, 

Shipped  to  Sandwich  Islands, 

Shipped  direct  to  England,  via  Cape  Horn, 

Shipped  to  other  parts  of  the  world, 

Total, 


$20,000,000 
10,000,000 
20,000,000 
15,000,000 
20,000,000 
25,000,000 
6,000,000 
10,000,000 
15,000,000 

$150,000,000 


Deposits  of  gold  at  the  United  States  mint  and 
branches  in  1849  :  — 


From  California, 
"      Virginia, 
"      North  Carolina, 
"      Georgia, 
"      New  Mexico, 
**      Other  sources. 

Total, 


$5,481,439 

129,382 

102,688 

10,525 

32,889 

10,169 


$5,767,092 


mmmmmmm 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


215 


FOREIGN    COMMERCE    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES. 

Value  of  Exports  of  Domestic  Produce,  for  the  Year  ending 

June  30,   1849. 


PRODUOTB  OF  TUB  SKA. 

rickfe?fl'8h,    (herring,       ^^^'^ 
shad,  salmon,   maok- 

WhalV  and  other  fish  ^^'^^ 

oil. 

Spermaceti, 
Whalebone, 
Sperm  candles, 


965,597 
572,763 
337.714 
159,403 


Indian  meal, 

Kye  meal, 

Rye,  oats,  pulse.  &c., 

Jrotatoes, 

Apples, 

Bice, 


«1,169,625 

218,824 

139,733 

83,313 

93,904 

2,569,362 


$25,642,863 
Other  Agricultural  Produce. 


TBI  FOBEST. 

Skins  and  furs, 

Ginseng, 

Sl»ve8,     hewn   timber, 

boards,  shingles, 
Other  lumber. 
Masts  and  spars. 
Oak  bark  and  other  dye. 
All  manufac.  of  wood. 
Tar,   pitch,    rosin  and 

turpentine. 
Ashes,  pot  and  pearl, 


#2,547,654 

656,228 
182,966 

1,776,749 
60,344 
87,720 
95,892 

1,697,828 

845,164 
515,603 


Tobacco, 
Cotton, 
Hops, 

Brown  Sugar, 
Hemp,  &c., 


AaniCULTURK 

J^oducts  of  Animals :  — 

Beef,  taIlow,hide8,horn- 

ed  cattle. 
Butter  and  cheese, 
rork.(t)ick.)  bacon,lard, 

live  nogs. 
Horses  and  mules, 
Sheep, 
Wool, 


$5,917,994 


2,058.958 
1,654,157 


9,245.885 
96,982 
16,305 
81,016 


$13,153,302 
Vegetable  Food, 

ffiu?*'  ^'7^6,848 

Biscuit,  or  ship-bread,       "ISiaiS 
Indian  own,  7,95^5 


MANUPACTUBE8. 

Soap  and  candles, 
feather,  boots,  and  6lioes, 
Household  furniture. 
Coaches  and  other  car- 
riages. 
Hats, 
Saddlery, 
Wax, 

Spirits  from  grain, 
„  "      ,"     molasses, 
iieer,  ale,  porter,    and 

cider. 
Snuff  and  tobacco, 
Linseed  oil  and  spirits 

of  turpentine. 
Cordage, 

Iron,  pig  bar  and  nails, 
"    castings, 
"    manufactures  of. 
Sugar,  refined,  ' 

Chocolate, 
Gunpowder, 


5,804,207 

66,396,967 

29,123 

24,906 

8,511 

$72,2631714 


Copper  and' brass, 
Medicinal  drugs, 


627,280 
161,774 
237,842 

95,928 
64,967 
87,276 

121,720 
67,129 

288,452 

51.320 
613;044 

148,056 
41,636 

149,858 
60,175 

886,689 

129,001 
1,941 

181,297 
66,203 

220,694 


$4,191,427 


*► 


216 


A  PEEP  AT 


Foreign  Commerce  of  the  United  States. —  Continued. 


Cotton  Puce  Goods. 

Frfntcd  and  colored,  $466,574 

White,  3,966,117 

Nankeen,  8,208 

Twist,  yarn  and  thread,  92,656 

Qther  cotton  mauul'acturcs,    415,680 


Flax  and  hemp  manu- 
factures, 

Wearing  apparel, 

Combs  and  buttons, 

Bruslies. 

Umbrellas  and  parasols. 

Leather  and  morocco 
skins. 

Printing    presses    and 


Musfci  ' 


Musical  instruments, 
Books  and  ma^s. 
Taper  and  stationery, 
Faints  and  Varnish, 
Vinegar, 

Earthen  and  Stone  ware, 
Manufacture  of  Glass, 
"  Tin, 

Of  this 


^4,933,129 

5,568 

76,945 

88,186 

2,924 

6,800 

9,427 

28.031 
28,713 
94,427 
86,827 
65,145 
14,086 
10.632 
101,419 
13,148 


Manufacture  of  Tewter 
and  lead, 
"  Marble  and 

stone, 
"  Gold    and 

silver, 
Gold  and  silver  coin, 
Artificial   flowers    and 

Jewelry, 
Molasses, 
Trunks, 

Bricks  and  lime, 
Salt, 


Coal, 

Lead, 

Ice, 

Articles  not  enumerated : 

Manufactured, 

Other  articles. 


$13,196 

20,282 

4,602 
956,874 

8,567 
7,442 
6,009 
8,671 
82,973 

«6,607^ 

40,396 
80,198 
96,027 

1,409,489 
769,657 

$2,177,885 


Grand  Total,  $132,606,965 

amount  $88,574,063,  or  nearly  two-thirds,  were  sent  to 
Great  Britain  and  its  Colonies. 


VALUE  OF  IMPORTS  DURING  THE  SAME  PERIOD. 

The  gross  amount  of  imports  was  $147,857,439,  of  which  $13,088,- 
865  was  exported,  making  the  net  imports  $134,768,574.  The 
amount  from  each  country  was  us  follows : 


Great  Britain.  $61,154,538 

British  £.  Indies,  2,086,254 

British  W.  Indies,  997,866 

Canada,  1,481,082 

Other  British  Colonies,  1,728,244 

France,  24,368,783 

French  Colonies,  94,886 

Spain,  1,819,177 

Cuba,  10,659,956 
Other  Spanish  Colonies,      8,130,894 

Portugal,  822.220 

Portuguese  Coloniei,  92,666 

Holland,  1,601,648 

Dutch  Colonies,  866,908 

Germany,  7,742,864 

Belgium,  1,844.298 

Russia,  840,288 

Sweden  and  Norway,  781,846 

Swedish  W.  Indies,  15,892 

Denmark,  19,206 

Danish  W.  Indies,  889,141 


Prussia,  $17,687 

Italy,  1,660,896 

Sicily,  630,24f. 

:  Sardinia,  42,688 

I  AuKtrian  ports,  409,178 

,  Turkey,  876,064 

China,  6,513,785 

I  Other  parts  of  Asia,  209,669 

Africa,  495,742 

'  Hayti,  901,724 

Mexico,  2,216,719 

I  Venezuela,  1,41.3,096 

New  Grenada,  168,960 

Central  Republic,  56,017 

!  Brazil,  8,494,868 

,  Chili,  1,817,728 

!  Argentine  Republic,  1,709,827 

i  Peru,  446,968 

Other  parts  of  S.  America,      96,088 

j  Sandwich  Islands,  48,875 

{ South  Sea  Islands,  85,318 


I 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


217 


JO  «j-i  o>  ^  ;^ 


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Hrf  ^^  ^^  ^^         ^9 

CO  CO  Oi  O  «D  S 
JC  K)  p  IC  to  J3 
OS  «0  OJ  "J-i  "ks -t . 


MjiJ  lO  to  JO  M 

CO  —  00  tn  "i^  — 
M  W  C3  oj  -  ^ 

o  c»  o  b  o  00 

n;  s  !£  °°  <=> «» 

U'  to  o>  Ul  lO  t« 


"b>'«o 

)*»•  00 

1s  00 
(O  o 


'i-  00  tnlc 
O  O)  00  ^- 
O)  Ui  4k,  ,tk 

W  O  00  u» 
4k  o>  ■—  00  1 


19 


fB 

— 

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(D 

O 

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ss'r) 

3    ? 

cS 

o 

s 

D-K 

n 

0.5-I3I 

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CD 

218 


A  PEEP  AT 


Aggregate   value  of  breadstuffs   and    provisions, 
exported  each  year,  from  1846  to  1849,  inclusive  :  ~ 


In  the  year  1846, 
"  1847, 
•'  1848, 
"         1849, 


Total, 


Value. 

$27,701,121 

68,701,921 

37,472,751 

38,155.507 

$172,031,360 


Annual  products  of  United  States  industry,  with 
the  export  to  England  and  the  rest  of  the  world  : 


Annual 
Troduot. 

Agriculture,  $654,387,597 

Manufactures,  239,836,224 

Mining,  42,388,761 

Forest,  16,835,060 

Fisheries,  11,996,008 


Exports  :— 
Total  from  Of  which  to 


U.  States. 

$111,059,378 

11,809,501 

375,154 

5,917,94 

2,547,654 


England. 

$73,495,849 

541,540 

194 

1,649,869 

843,053 


Total,    $965,413,650   $131,710,081   $76,530,205 

More  than  one-half  of  the  whole  export  of  Ameri- 
can industry  is  to  England,  and  of  the  remainder, 
$12,043,858  is  to  her  dependencies,  leaving  but 
$48,136,000  as  the  value  of  exports  to  all  the  rest  of 
the  world.  Nearly  the  whole  of  these  exports  to 
England,  it  will  be  observed,  are  raw  products,  which 
go    to    the    direct    consumptioM,    as    food,    which 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


219 


amounted  to  $14,732,927,  and  raw  material  for 
manufactures,  that  is  to  say,  articles  indispensable  to 
feed  and  employ  the  operatives  of  Groat  Britain. 
The  British  returns  give  the  annual  production  at 
^247,000,000,  and  the  exports  to  the  United 
States  X  9,504,902. 

The   Government  of  the  United  States.— 
Congress  sits  at  Washington.     The  Senate  is  com- 
posed of  two  members  from  each  State,  elected   by 
the  Legislature  for  the  term  of  six  years.    Their 
terms  are  so  arranged  that  one-third  expires  every 
two  years.     There  being  thirty-one  States,  the  num- 
ber  of   Senators    is    nn^v    sixty-two.      The    Vice- 
President  is  Presidcu.  of  the  Senate.     Wm.  R.  King, 
of  Alabama,    has  been  elected  President    of   the 
Senate,  in  consequence  of  Mr.  Fillmore  being  exalted 
to  the  Presidency  by  the  death  of   General  Taylor. 
The  House  of  Representatives  consists  of  231  mem- 
bers, chosen  from  the  several  States,  in  the  ratio  of 
1  to  70,680  persons.     Their  compensation  is  $8  per 
day,  and  that  of  the  Speaker  $16  per  day,  during 
the  session,  and  $8  for  every  twenty  miles  travel  in 
going  and  returning.     The  pay  of  the  Senators  is  the 
same  as  that  of  the  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 


220 


A  PEEP  AT 


sontativres.  The  salary  of  the  President  is  $25,000 
per  annum;  of  the  Vice-President,  $5,000;  of  the 
Secretaries  and  Postmaster  General,  $6,000  each ; 
and  of  the  Attorney-General,  $4,000. 

REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURES  OP  GOVERNMENT  FOR 
THE  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1849. 


Receipts. 
From  Customs,  $28,346,738 

Public  Lands,  1,688,959 

Miscellaneous  sources,  1,038,649 
Treasury  Notes  &  Loans,  28,588,750 
In  Treasury,  July  1,  1848,       153,534 


Total  Keceipts,  $59,816,630 


ExpendUures. 
Cash,  $46,798,667 

Treasury  Notes  funded,      10,898,342 


Total, 


$57,697,009 


Estimated  receipts  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1850,  $37,823,- 
464;  expenditures,  $43,651,585.  PubUc  debt,  December  1,  1849, 
$64,704,693. 

The  population  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  about  2,500,- 
000.  In  1850,  the  population  is  estimated  at  22,000,- 
000,  3,000,000  of  which  are  slaves. 

The  principal  denominations  of  Christians,  accord- 
ing to  the  latest  returns,  are  as  follows :  — 


Communicants. 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  663,310 

"  "  *'        South,    504,530 

"       Protestant  and  Wesleyan,      81,000 


Not  Com'ts. 


Total  of  Methodists, 


1,248,830 


5,000,000 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


221 


Baptists,  regular, 

Anti-mission, 
Free-will, 
Campbellite, 
minor  sects, 


u 

(i 


Total  of  Baptists, 


Presbyterian,  Old  School, 
New  School, 
Associate, 

"       Reformed, 
Reformed, 
Cumberland, 
others, 


« 

<( 

u 

IC 

u 


Total  of  Presbyterians, 

Congregationalists, 

Reformed  Dutch, 

German  Reformed, 

Protestant  Episcopal, 

Lutheran, 

United  Brethren, 
'  EvangeUcal  Association,  (German) 
Unitarian, 
Roman  Catholic, 
Christian  Connection, 
Church  of  God, 
Mennonites, 
Friends  or  Quakers,  Evangelical, 

Hicksites, 
Universalists, 
Advents, 
Jews, 
Mormons. 

19* 


CommunicAntfi. 

686,807 

67,845 

56,452 

118,618 

27,700 

937,422 


ji^ot  Com'ts. 


192,033 

155,000 

18,800 

26,340 

5,300 

50,000 

44,000 

491,473 

197,196 
33,980 
69,750 
67,550 
163,000 
67,000 
17,000 
30,000 

325,000 

10,000 

60,000 
100,000 

60,000 

60,000 

30,000 


4,000,000 


2,000,000 

500,000 
100,000 
250,000 
2,000,000 
400,000 


1,233,350 


A  PEEP  AT 


There  are  said  to  be,  in  the  United  States,  forty- 
two  theological  schools.  They  are  designated  as 
follows :  — 


Baptist, 

Congregational, 
,   Dutch  Bcformed, 
Lutheran, 
Methodist, 
Episcopalian, 
"Presbyterian, 
Unitarian, 


10 
5 
2 
3 
1 
8 

11 
2 

42 


Of  the  120  colleges,  there  were,  in  1849,  under  the 


Direction  of  the  Methodists, 
Baptists, 
Episcopalians, 
Roman  Catholics, 


II 
II 


(I 
« 


12 
12 
10 
13 


The  remainder  are  divided  between  the  Congregation- 
alists  and  Presbyterians,  &c. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Churches  employ  8  bish- 
ops, 5642  travelling  preachers,  and  8000  local  preach- 
ers ;  the  Protestant  Episcopal,  or  Church  of  England, 
have  30  bishops  and  1467  ministers ;  the  Roman 
Catholics  have  6  archbishops,  28  bishops,  2  vicariates, 
1109  priests,  and  1073  churches.  The  Roman 
Catholics  are  probably  the  poorest  denomination,  and 
the  Protestant  Episcopalians  the  richest  denomination, 


UNCLE  SAM'S   FAR^f. 

in  the  United  States.  The  bishops,  ministers,  priests, 
and  clergy  of  the  above  churches  exceed  in  number 
80,000.  The  religion,  the  blood,  the  laws,  and  insti- 
tutions of  Old  England  live  in  America.  Thus  that 
wonderful  Anglo-Saxon  race  that  is  diffusing  itself 
over  the  globe  is  rapidly  absorbing  all  other  races 
in  America. 

I  now  close  this  volume  with  the  following  interest- 
ing article  from  the  pen  of  an  educated  and  scientific 
phys5        of  Haverhill,  Massachusetts. 

Witch  Hazel  Pointers.  —  Singular  Electri- 
cal Phenomena.  — It  has  been  f.  c.-mon  belief 
among  a  large  class  in  the  community  for  many 
years,  that  springs  of  water  beneath  the  earth's  sur- 
face were  pointed  out  by  the  mysterious  movements 
of  witch  hazel  rods,  held  in  the  hands  of  persons  cap- 
able of  exercising  this  wizard  power. 

Statements  made,  time  and  again,  by  men  of 
much  probity  and  intelligence,  of  the  wonderful 
accuracy  of  these  witch  hazel  pointers  in  directing  to 
the  proper  locality  for  success  in  boring  for  water, 
have  attracted  butt  very  little  attention  from  men  of 
science.  They  have  probably  regarded  them  as 
savoring  too  strongly  of   that  vulgar  necromancy, 


22i 


A  PEEP  AT 


which  a  portion  of  mankind  manifest  a  strong  aflSnity 
for,  to  entiti ;  them  to  serious  consideration. 

My  attention  has  recently  been  called  to  this  mat- 
ter by  witnessing  experiments  of  a  character  anala- 
gous  to  those  alluded  to  above,  and  I  am  free  to 
confess  that  they  have  interested  me  much,  and 
shaken  somewhat  my  previous  incredulity  in  this 
matter. 

It  has    been    ascertained  that  several  kinds   of 
wood,  of  dense,  compact  fibre,  answers  the  purpose 
equally  as  well  as  hazel,  and  that  rods  of  whalebone 
.are  still  better  than  vegetable  substances. 

A  few  weeks  since  a  highly  intelligent  and  scien- 
tific friend  remarked  that  he  had  been  very  much 
surprised  and  interested  in  observing  the  movements 
of  the  whalebone  in  the  hands  of  a  guest  of  his,  a 
minister  of  high  standing,  from  a  distant  town  in  our 
State.  His  knowledge  of  the  phenomenon  was  alto- 
gether accidental,  and  when  we  consider  his  un- 
doubted integrity  of  character,  the  suspicion  of  trick 
or  deception  on  his  part  is  dispelled  entirely. 

He  first  observed  the  attraction  of  the  rods  down- 
wards while  workmen  were  engaged  in  excavating  for 
a  well  upon  his  premises,  and  directed  the  excavation 
in  accordance  with  the  direction  of  the  rods.    Com- 


UNCLE  SAM'S  FARM. 


225 


plete  success  crowned  the  labor ;  a  fine,  gushing 
spring  was  reached,  and  a  copious  supply  of  water 
obtained.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  repeated 
attempts  had  been  made  before  this,  to  find  water 
m  this  locality,  but  without  success.  He  has  since 
tried  the  experiment  upon  the  premises  of  his  neigh- 
bors  and  friends,  and  in  every  instance  the  rods  ha^'ve 
proved  unerring  guides. 

The  instrument  is  very  simple,   consisting  of  two 
pieces  of  whalebone  about  16  inches  long,  of  a  size 
that  will  bend  with   tolerable   facility.     Those  are 
pointed  at  one  end,  and  then  tied  firmly  together  with 
a  bit  of  twine.     In  experimenting,  the  two  extremes 
of  the  rod  are  grasped,  one  in  each  hand,  and  held 
apart  a  few  inches  with  the  point  vertical,  describin<r 
a  figure  like  the  letter  V  inverted.     It  is  a  singular 
fact,   and  one  that  can  be  accounted  for  upon  no 
known  principles  of  electrical  science,  that  the  exper- 
iments fail,  and  the  instrument  remains  quiet,  unless 
the  thumb  and  fingers  are  turned  outward  in  grasp- 
ing the  rods.     This  has  proved  true  in  the  case  of  all 
experimenters  who  have  come  under  my  observation, 
and  should  be  remembered  by  those  who  may  here- 
after be  aesirous  of  testing  the  truthfulness  of  the 
experiments  described  in  this  communication. 


226 


A  PEEP  AT 


The  following  is  given  as  the  results  of  some  exper- 
iments made  at  the  suggestion  of  the  writer  of  this 
article,  and  which  are  deemed  worthy  of  especial 
notice.     There  being  a  small  stream  of  water  beneath 
the  cellar  of  his  place  of  business,  formed  by  the 
waste  from  a  fountain,  he  requested  the  clergyman 
alluded  to  above  to  find  its  locality  with  rods.     This 
was  done  with  surprising  accuracy  ;  not  only  was  the 
commencement  of  the  rill  pointed  out,  but  its  some- 
what serpentine  course  towards  the  river  accurately 
traced.     When  the  operator  stood  over  the  stream, 
the  rods  with  a  sudden  impulse  turned  over  and 
pointed   directly   downward.       So    strong  was  the 
attraction  that  the  resistance  was  sensibly  felt  when 
its  movements  were  opposed  by  the  finger.     In  trac- 
ing the  course  of  the  stream,  any  deviation  from  the 
true  one  was  marked  by  the  quick  uprising  of  the 
points.     So  delicate  and  accurate  was  this  attraction, 
that  the  deviation  of  an  inch   was  indicated  by  the 
instrument.      These  motions  were  as  marked  and  de- 
cisive when  two  floors  interposed  between  the  stream 
and  the  operator.     As  corroborative  of  these  experi- 
ments, I  must  not  forget  to  say  that  this  stream  has 
since  been  detected  by  others  entirely  unacquainted 
with  its  locality.     Neither  must  I  forget  to  mention 


TOOLE   SAlrS   FARM. 


227 


the  fact  that  when  passing  the  bridge  over  the  Merri- 
mao  the  rods  turn  downwards  as  soon  as  the  edge  of 
the  s,.eam  is  reached,  and  remain  in  this  position 
unhl  the  opposite  shore  is  gained,  when  the  poTn'  re- 
sames  a  vertical  position  once  more. 

Before  alluding  to  some  experiments  to  determine 
the  natare  of  this  .'traction,  I  will  say  that  experi- 
ments similar  to  and  equally  as  unequivocal  and  deci- 
sive as  those  described  have  been  tried  upon  grounds 
belonging  to  the  writer.     Upon  these  grounds  is  a 
well,  recently  excavated,  and  from  careful  observa- 
r;  '"'"'«.  •^«™S  ">«  ^'^oavation,  he  was  satis6ed 
tha  no  spring  or  gush  of  water  was  reached  by  the 
workmen.    But  as  the  side  infiltrations  were  copious, 
It  was  decided  to  depend  upon  them  for  a  sup^y  o 
water,  and  suspend  further  boring.     The  rods  held 
over,  and  withm  a  radius  of  five  feet  on  either  side 
he  well,  remained  unaffected.    Beyond  that  number 
of  feet  westward  the  attraction  is  powerfully  felt,  and 
the  course  of  a  stream  across  the  garden  pointed  out. 
Other  streams,  within  a  few  feet  of  each  other,  have 
been  found,  one  of  which  was  traced  directly  to  the 
well  of  a  neighbor,  who  has  an  abundant  supply  of 
pure,  soft,  water.  '^^^ 

There  may  be  considered  nothing  very  remarkable 


228 


A  PEEP  AT 


I: 


or  reliable  in  these  experiments  when  shown  only  bv 

one  person.    Bnt  when  others,  knowing  nothing  of 

previous  experiments,  are  taken  upon  the  ground,  and 

precisely  the  same  attracting  influences  are  found  in 

precisely  the  same  places,   the   experiments    then 

mnme  an  importance  which  imperatively  demands, 

.nvesfgafon.     Such  has  bee.  the  case  in  this  in-' 

stance,  and  each  trial  has  been  productive  of  precisely 

the  same  results.  "^ 

Admitting,  then,  that  the  phenomenon  described 
be  as  stated,  and  that  imposition  on  the  part  of  the 
oxpenmenters  is  impossible,  are  there  any  principles 
of  natural  sconce  which  will  explain  it.  It  is  obvious 
to  my  own  mind  that  it  is  owing  to  electrical  influen- 
ces, and  that  it  may  be  found  to  act  in  obedience  to 
•  ^own  laws  in  electrical  science. 

To  prove  this,  let  the  conducting  medium  be  cut 
o«  by  interposmg  a  silk  handkerchief  between  the 
pomt  of  the  rod  bent  downwards  and  the  stream  or 
attractmg  .nfluence  below,  and  the  rods  instantly  fly 
back  agam.    Remove  the  handkerchief,  and  the  rods 
pomt  down  as  before.    Insulate  the  operator,  by  pla- 
cing him  upon  wax,  or  the  insulating  stool,  and  the 
attraction  mslantly  ceases.     Connect  him  with  the 
earth  again  by  passing  a  chain  from  one  foot  to  the 


UNCLE  SAM'S  PABM. 


n  only  by 
nothing  of 
>und,  and 
found  in 
ts  then 
demands 
this  in- 
preciselj 

escribed 
t  of  the 
'inciples 
obvious 
influen- 
ence  to 

be  cut 
en   the 
Jam  or 
itly  fly 
le  rods 
5y  pla- 
ad  the 
h  the 
to  the 


229 


ground,  and  the  attracting  influence  is  instaiitly  felt. 
I  thepomtwhen  bent  down  be  connected  ith  a 
dehcate  galvanometer  in  such  a  way  that  the  current 
^I  pass  across  the  needle,  and  it  will  be  deflected 
several  degrees.  Place  in  each  hand  a  piece  of  oiled 
silk  so  tha  the  hands  may  be  insulated  while  in  con- 
tact with  the  instrument,  and  it  will  remain  entirely 

that  the  phenomenon  is  due  to  electrical  excitation, 
and  t  thas  department  of  natural  science  are  we  to 
^ok  for  an  explanation  of  this  interesting  matter. 

In  a  future  communication  I  wiU  mention  some  other 
exper      n^  ,,,  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^ 

m  explanation  of  this  singular  and  unexplained  phe- 
nomenon.  ^ 


f 


CATALOGUE 

OF 

NEW  AND  VALUABLE  BOOKS, 

rUBUSUED   BY 

CHAS.    H.    PElKCE    &    CO., 

NO.    5   COHNUILL,   BOSTON. 


DIVINE  UNION. 

BY   T.    C.    UPHAM,    D.  D. 
The  present  work  is  intended  to  finish  the  series,  of  which 
Interior  Life,  and  the  Life  of  Faith,  have  already  been  pub- 
lished.    12mo.    Price  f  1.00. 

A  Treatise  on  Divinb  Union,  designed  to  point  out  some 
of  the  Intimate  Relations  between  Gt  '  and  Man  in  the  higher 
forms  of  Religious  Experience.  Another  book  from  Dr.  Up- 
ham,  upon  "the  higher  forms  of  religious  experience,"  will 
not  be  unwelcome  to  the  religious  public,  and,  we  doubt  not, 
will  share  the  deserved  popularity  of  its  predecessors. 

Christian  Advocate  and  Journal. 

Upham  on  Divine  Union.  —  Here  is  a  truly  good  book.  It 
has  its  defects,  some  of  them  theological,  am  some,  it  may 
be,  practical,  at  least  so  far  as  inward  practical  devotion  is 
concerned;  but  it  is  full  of  the  sterling  gold  of  pure  truth  ;  it 
unveils  the  communion  of  the  sanctified  mind  with  God  in  the 
inner  sanctuary,  and  by  a  simple,  direct  course  of  teachmg, 
leads  the  devout  inquirer  iiito  the  holiest  of  holies.  Prof 
Upham's  works  have  all  a  tinge  of  the  old  mysticism  about 
them;  but  this,  to  our  mind,  is  a  very  small  objection  amidst 
their  rare  exceUences.    They  have  done  vast  good  ;  the  pre»- 


4 


2 


CHARLfiS  H.    PEIRCE    u   CO  '«»   P,rr.. 

*   CO.  S   PUBLICATIONS. 


Zwn't  Htrald. 

THE  YOUNG  MAN'S  COUNSELLOR 

By   RE/.   DANIEL   WISE. 

„  m,  ^'*  Edition. 

The  Young  Man's  Counsellor  •  or  Sk.f  i 
tions  of  the  Duties  and  Dangers  of  y'^T""  ""^  ^"''"^^"^ 
b«  '^  guide  to  success  in  this  Iyo  !    Tl  *^'°-     ^««'«"-'  ^ 

12mo..  265  pages.     B<^ton      vTi  ^''''  ^-  ^-     ^  vol. 

The  excellent'pLtical  advice  whtuh^  '",  "^  ^^  ^^•-•" 
«0"voyed  in  a  style  .0  winnTn!  ^  ""  ''^^"'"^  <'<^nt»^i^«  is 
1-  the  interest  Of  a  nl'e  l^a  t7""'"'  ^'^^  ^''^  ^^ 
effect  of  a  good  discourse  ^b  1  '""^^  """^  *•>«  "oral 
tion.  -  Transcript.  ^""'"^'"S  °^  '^  ^de  oiroma- 


THE  EMINENT  DEAD; 


_,„_  OR, 

THE  TRIUMPHS  OF  FAITH  IN  THE  miM  HOUR 

BV    BRADPOHD  K.  p^.^eE. 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  Rv   a    a^^ 
..Trrv  p  ^-  STEVENS. 

iHB  Eminent  Dead"  ia  *k«  *',ii  „ 

P"  of  Kev.  B.  K.  Pet"      luL      •"'  "  ""  «*  *™  «■• 
<ln>TO  from  n,  jj^^  .     '.  .J^™"-  ^.^^k^M  ilInslratioM  are 

*»«■    They  .re  not  merely  dlri:!«?'^"  *"  "'"•  °™ 


CHARLES  H.   PEIBCB   k  CO.'s   PUBLICATIONS.  3 

their  deathg.  SeTeral  similar  works  are  extant,  but  none  m 
aatisfactory  as  this.  We  commend  it  without  hesitation.  Ita 
mechanical  execution  is  quite  commendable,  also.  The  type 
is  liberal,  the  paper  fine,  and  the  binding  neat. 

Zion'i  HtrcUtt. 


THE  GENIUS  AND  MISSION  OF  METHODISM, 

WHAT  IS  I'ECULIAR  IS  DOCi.^INE,  GOVERNMENTO 
MODES  CF  W0«&;  iV,  ETC.  ' 

Bi'  REV.  W.   »•    S'fFU.KLAND, 
Of  the  01i(«,  Conference. 
Price  87^  cent;. 
The  author  of  the  present  volume  has  conceived  that  an 
uncultivated  province  in  our  denominational  literature  invited 
the  labor  of  his  mind  and  pen,  in  the  subject  which  he  has 
presented  to  the  reading  public. 

As  a  "hand-book"  of  Methodism,  presenting  the  provi- 
dential character  of  its  origin  and  of  the  institution  of  its 
various  means  for  spiritual  culture  and  growth,  it  will  find 
we  trust,  a  welcome  place  on  the  shelves  of  the  family  library' 
and  in  the  reading  of  our  people.  .    * 

The  want  of  a  small  portable  volume,  giving,  in  a  popular 
form  a  digest  of  our  views  of  faith  and  forms  of  discipline 
has  been  felt  by  our  ministerial  brethren.    Such  a  volume 
exhibiting,  without  controversy,  the  peculiarities  which  give  us 
a  distmct  existence  among  the  various  tribes  of  Israel,  —  the 
object  and  importance  of  our  religious  institutions,  and  a  con 
nwted  view  of  our  eccle.  tstical  poUty,  -  has  been  considered 
a  desideratum  to  place  in  the  hands  of  young  converts,  and 
also  for  the  perusal  of  maturer  members  of  the  church  who 
cannot  afford  the  expense  or  time  required  for  the  purohase 
W»a  reading  of  more  voluminous  works. 


4  CHARLES  H.   PEIECE   fc  CO.'s  PUBLICATIONS. 

WISE'S  QUESTKH^S  ON  ROMANS 

aDDend.-T  ««„♦„••  "^\P'*''^»«^ed.  It  w  accompanied  with  an 
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per  dozen.  Handsomely  bound.  $1.50 

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volume     Th«  r  v7  f  ^*  *^  execution  of  the  present 

rfT!;^  !•""*'  '^'  °^  *^"  "»««*  interesting  and  import- 

for  st^      ",^'  ''"^*'"^  ^^^°'  -"^  -^^^  a  valuable  fieM 
for  study  and  discussion  in  the  Bible  class.  -  Zion',  Herald, 


CLEAVEUND'S  VOYAGES. 

^  JVarrative  of  Voyages  and  Cmmercial  Enterprises. 
BY  RICHARD  J.   CLEAVELAND. 

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co^r!?  Tf  '^"  "^''^  ^*'^'*^«  ^°^""^««  Of  voyages  and 
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work,  and  has  been  printedfrom  new  stereotype  plates  okLu 
t»M  paper,  and  is  bound  in  the  richest  styS  of  the^ 

Charl^H.  Peirce,  Boston,  b.s  issued  an  exceedingly  inter- 
esbng  "Narrative  of  Voyages  and  Commercial  Entelrir^ 
perfbmed  by  RichaM  J.  Cleaveland.  These  voya^  Cm 
jomeforty-five  years  since,  and  closed  about  twenfyfii^r 

toiy  of  no  httle  importance,  and  are  considerably  more  inter- 


CHARLES   H.    PEIRCE    &   CO.'s   PUBLICATIONS.  5 

esting  than  if  thoy  were  more  recent.  The  author  \mt«s  with 
a  good,  pertinent  style,  and  his  volume  is  embelliahed  by  (ser- 
eral  fine  engravings.  —  Zion's  Herald. 


I'i 


THE  SUNDAY-SCHOOL  MELODIST 

BY   REV.  A.    D.    MERRILL 

The  music,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  original,  has  been 
prepared  expressly  for  the  use  of  children  in  our  Sabbath- 
schools.  Of  the  eminent  qualifications  of  iH  author,  —  so 
well  known  and  beloved  in  all  our  churches,  —  to  prepare  such 
a  work,  those  acquainted  with  the  previous  musical  produc- 
tions of  Bro.  Merrill  will  need  no  further  guarantee,  The 
hymns  have  also  been  selected  with  great  care,  both  in  refer- 
ence to  securing  a  variety  and  as  to  their  lyrical  merits. 

The  publisher  proposes  to  issue  the  volume  at  the  lowest 
price  at  which  it  can  be  afibrded,  that  it  may  enjoy  a  general 
circulation  in  our  schools.  The  following  commendation  of 
the  work,  while  passing  through  the  press,  was  forwarded  to 
the  publisher  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Preachers'  Meeting  :  — 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Preachers  of  Boston  and  vicinity,  held 
at  the  Committee-room,  No.  7  Cornhill,  Boston,  the  following 
resolution  was  unanimously  adopted,  and  it  was  voted  that  a 
copy  of  the  same  be  presented  by  the  President  and  Secretary 
to  Brother  Charles  H.  Peirce :  — 

Resolved,  That  we  cordially  recommend  the  publication  of 
the  book  of  music  and  hymns  prepared  for  the  use  and  benefit 
of  Sunday-schools,  by  our  excellent  father  in  the  Gospel,  Rev. 
A.  D.  Merrill.  Loranus  Ceowell,  President 

LvMAN  BoTDEN,  Secretary. 


w 


«  CHARLES   H.   PEIRCE    ^   CO.'s   PUBLICATIONS. 

REASONS  FOR  BECOMING  A  METHODIST. 

BY  REV.  I.  SMITH, 
Of  the  Vermont  Conference. 
16mo.   Price  S7I^  cents. 

PEACE  IN  BELIEVING. 

EXEMPLIFIED  IN 

rASK,B.s  WUGHTER  CLEROVMAN-STOE,  „OUS  MOTHEH 

AND  DYING  SAINT  «lOTHER, 

BEING  THE  MEMOIRS  OF  MRS.  ANN  EAST. 

BY  REV.  JOHN  EAST,  A.  M. 

Third  Edition,     18mo.     Price  50  cents. 


HY  SAVIOUR; 


OB, 
1«»  r       ^^  ^^^-    ^°"^   ^^ST,   A.M. 

The  present  is  the  sixteenth  edition  of  this  popular  little 


CHARLES   H.   PEIRCE   fc  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS.  7 

vanou*  appeUation«  and  offices  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour. 


EVANGELISM 

IN  THE  MIDDUB  OF  THjS 

NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

BY  REV.  C.  ADAMS. 

f^  dZn^^rs  r  • "' '"™''  ''•"-^  ^-^  «■• 

Jli?  •"""''".  "iMoripaye  and  slatirtW,  of  the  prMent 

«.d  „  .Itotratcd  with  ™p^    The  «ve  gr«.t  divides  7l 

Kligious  tote  giren.    Then  follows  a  seetion  givi,.,  the  nriT 

«n  tt.  non-Protestant  diviaions  of  the  world.  The  .c^«^3 
I«rce.ve  at  once  the  value  of  sueh  a  volume.  It  wufTd  to 
.te  up  th.  general  church  In  behalf  of  the  evanJIuLton  of 

cievo  «i  much  labor  and  research  to  his  task,  and  has  done 
It  with  a  master's  skill.  ® 


SKETCHES  PROM  THE  STUDY  OF  AN  ITINERAliT 

MMHOBISM,  &0.,  &0.  """>■"*"  <» 

ISmo.    Price  «2  «»(>. 
A  sew  work,  by  Kev.  A.  Smms.    The  readers  of  the  ore- 

J^»  to  ,«„ke«  th«r  .ppeUte  to  a  rem..!  of  a,e  prj. 


8 


CHABLES   H.   PEIRCE    &   CO.'s   PUBLICATIONS. 


MAHAN  ON  ROMANS  IX.  . 

lectures,  founded  upon  the  9th  of  Romans.  This  volume  is 
tftought.  by  good  judges,  to  present  the  best  exposition  of  this 
important  and  difficult  Scripture  extant,  and  will  be  read, 
especially  by  Armenian  Christians,  with  peculiar  satisfaction. 


RAMBLES  IN  EUROPE. 

BY  REV.  MARK  TRAFTON,  A.  M. 

th^V'""  '!  *^?  '^'^'^''  '^  *  ^"*^  ^'^^^P^^'^  *°«r,  composing 
the  present  volume,  have  appeared  in  the  Herald  and  Ladies' 
Repository,  which  afford  the  public  a  fair  promise  of  the  rich 
treat  in  store  for  them. 


THE  LAST  WITNESS. 

BY  REV.  O.  C.  BAKER. 

Miniature,  gilt. 

col^^TT  i"*"'  ^''""''  P'^^«^*^^S,  in  instructive 
c^^te,  the  final  expressions  of  dying  Christians  and  un- 


TOKEN  OP  PRIENDSHIP. 

A  GIFT  BOOK  FOR  THE  HOLIDAYS. 

EDITED  BY  BRADFORD  K.  PEIRCE. 

Seven  elegant  engravings.    Elegantly  bound.    Price  $2  00 

We  referred  to  this  work  lately     It  is  now  before  the  pub- 

K  and  will  we  doubt  not,  recei  .  a  hearty  welcome.    The 

Si^Jt  TV  ^"^P^^^-*--  -e  haJ^ly  admitt  Jt 
the  test  of  criticism.    Annuals  redeem  themselves  from  the 

tnbnnal  of  the  critic  by  an  appeal  to  the  eye.    The^g^t 


CHAHLES  H.    PEn.CE    ^   CO.'s    PTBLICAT.ONS.  9 

forty,  ^i  «>JtouL  2tZT  '  r°""'  "^ "«"" 

including  a  profusilnrf^.l^  >      •,''°^''  °'  ""^ '™'  «"™' 

tained,  bring  out  in  elegant  fnvrr.    /  ^  "'  '^  ^"«- 

The  present  volume  has  many  attractions     Its  i«f fn 

itom  our  best  miters  aZ'-lfc  i°  """'"'  "  "'"''^y 

Abr<Aer«  CArw^mn  ^rfroca<«. 

4:re:L=:ir:r^::trr^''----- 

.  ^''""<«''Mvccale  and  Journal. 

This  IS  aaannnal,  weU  gotten  up,  and  presenting  ;„  .. 
typographjr,  binding.  «„d  engravLgs  noZ?,^*«     ^'■' 

^"r.t'  -*  - "-— "  «":i:o,r:^Tr 

graced  with  the  presence  of  this  interesting  annual. 

Richmond  Advocate. 


w 


s. 


Mi 


